The Scarlet Letter Essay Example for Free

The Scarlet Letter Essay Doesn’t reclamation require something other than a straightforward sorry? Nathaniel Hawthorne utilizes the letter â€Å"A† to demonstrate reclamation might be conceivable through one’s honorable activities. As expressed in The Scarlet Letter, Many individuals would not decipher the red A by its unique meaning. † (Hawthorne 111) which means Hester Prynne changed the view that others had of her on account of her red letter. The discipline from a women’s bad behavior was soon deciphered from an image of wrongdoing to an image of thoughtfulness because of recovery. Hester takes part in an assortment of acts that diverted her from being named an awful person, into being an icon to most of the town. Hester exhibits what it resembles to be an untouchable in the public eye. At the point when the town discovers that Hester had submitted infidelity, everyone sees her uniquely in contrast to previously. They just consider her to be a delinquent and they all assemble to watch her be embarrassed and rebuffed before the remainder of the town. In spite of the fact that Hester didn't lament submitting her wrongdoing, the assessments of others despite everything influence her with a particular goal in mind. She is despicable, yet not sorry. As demonstrated, Hester’s contemplations are uncovered as, â€Å"Like all different delights, she dismissed it as a wrongdoing. † (Hawthorne 57) Hawthorne makes reference to that â€Å"The special case showed the ever tireless energy with which society disliked her transgression. † (Hawthorne 57) This statement demonstrates that society has an altogether extraordinary view on Hester on the grounds that she will presently have a red letter on her bosom. During this time, Puritans saw Hester’s sin similarly present day society sees murder, which is the reason everyone is rebuffed with her in view of her demonstration of infidelity. The accompanying statement exhibits Hester’s disgrace towards wearing the letter â€Å"As if the letter were not of red material, however intensely hot iron. I shivered, and automatically let it fall upon the floor. † (Hawthorne 60) This statement shows the serious enthusiastic scarring Hester feels from a little, yet very huge physical assignment passed on from the Puritans. It appears that she is embarrassed about the way that there will be a conspicuous contrast among her and the remainder of society now. Society thought Hester’s weaving was excessively indulgent of a discipline. One of the old townspeople even says â€Å"At the least, they ought to have put the brand of a hot iron on Hester Prynnes temple. (Hawthorne 36) At this point in the novel, Hester won't be pardoned nor loved by anybody. Hester endures in manners that others don't see, however. The letter â€Å"A† had pave the way to Hester nearly losing her girl, Pearl, â€Å"No, my little Pearl! Thou must assemble thine own daylight. I have none to give thee! † (Hawthorne 71) The representative had requested his hireling to remove Pearl for the last time which was all pertinent to Hester having the letter An on her chest. In spite of the fact that individuals may think Hester’s discipline wasn’t sufficiently extreme, her blame ate at her more than the letter put on her chest. Pearl is likewise strolling evidence that is a steady suggestion to Hester of her transgression and bad behavior. Numerous puritans, including Hester herself, see Pearl as the Devil’s youngster since she was made by wrongdoing and is supposed to be the Devil’s work. Hester’s sin brought about more result than what just lied on her bosom. Hester starts to no longer feel embarrassed and wears her red letter with satisfaction. She does this to show she isn't staying quiet about her red letter any more. It is said that â€Å"On the bosom of her outfit, in fine red material, encompassed with an intricate weaving and incredible twists of gold-string, showed up the letter A. It was so aesthetically done, and with so much richness and stunning lushness of extravagant, that it had all the impact of a last and fitting adornment to the attire which she wore; and which was of a wonder as per the flavor of the age, however significantly past what was permitted by the sumptuary guidelines of the settlement. (Hawthorne 37) This statement is important to who Hester becomes. It draws out her character and represents her disposition towards her weaving. She put forth an attempt to show that the assessment of others would not influence her in light of this delightful letter she made for herself. Her creation represents pride and certainty. Dimmesdale likewise demonstrates this by telling Hester, â€Å"Happy you are, Hes ter, that wear that red letter transparently upon your chest! Mine consumes stealthily!! † (Hawthorne 131) This gives the data that Hester in certainty does nearly flaunt her red letter. Hester utilizes her aptitude and releases her pride to show society that she is not, at this point influenced by wearing the letter and all the more critically, she couldn't care less for their assessments. Society gets tolerating of Hester, yet they pardon and start to appreciate her. The townspeople proclaims that Hester’s â€Å"A† â€Å"Meant Able; so solid was Hester Prynne, with a women’s quality. † (Hawthorne 111) This connotes Hester has changed the importance of the letter â€Å"A† from the first significance of â€Å"Adultery† to importance â€Å"Able† in light of the fact that she is so solid and supportive in her general public. Hester turns out to be very much regarded in her town by the commendable demonstrations she submits. She gets engaged with noble cause work despite the fact that the poor doesn’t show sympathy towards her; it doesn't make a difference since she appreciates helping and carrying out something worth being thankful for from her heart. In addition to the fact that Hester partakes in good cause work, however she additionally puts her aptitudes towards assisting the poor by sewing garments for them. As a result of these sort demonstrations, it is usually realized that Hester â€Å"Is so kind to poor people, so accommodating to the debilitated, so agreeable to the harrowed! † (Hawthorne 111) Hester changes the perspective on herself in society’s eyes as an individual who is appear as a poor and evil person to being good and commendable. Toward the finish of Hester’s life she is known as a glad, proficient, and decent legend. You realize that Hawthorne is introducing the pinnacle of Hester’s recovery when the town banters with respect to whether Hester’s letter can be expelled. Hester’s answer to the discussion over the evacuation of her letter is It lies not in the delight of the justices to remove this identification. Were I qualified to be stopped of it, it would fall away of its own tendency, or be changed into something that ought to talk an alternate imply. (Hawthorne 116) Through this statement, Hester is stating the letter can’t and will not be expelled. Moreover, that just God’s word and the course of nature can bring about the letter disappearing from her chest, not the townspeople’s words. Hester is a good lady considerably after she dies. She is recollected and filled in as a legend. It is said that â€Å"As if the residue of the two sleepers reserved no o ption to blend. However, one headstone served for both. † (Hawthorne 180) This statement sums up all of social orders see on Hester. Despite the fact that Hester had submitted betrayal, they despite everything cover her close to her actual sweetheart with a mutual tombstone. Indeed, even in the strictest everything being equal, Hester had the option to make an exemption to Puritan rules and qualities. Making up for yourself may take long and require difficult work, however in the event that you are focused on turning yourself around, you can. In the start of the novel, individuals are embarrassed about Hester’s shamelessness and they believe that her discipline isn't close to as serious as her transgression. Society needed nothing to do with Hester in light of the fact that they considered her to be nothing, however a delinquent and not, at this point a Puritan. All through the novel, Hester starts to make a big deal about her, starting with not harping on her transgression any more and lifting her jawline up high. She submits incredible demonstrations of graciousness for poor people and for the destitute to where individuals start to appreciate Hester for her demonstrations such caring deeds. All through the novel, Hester demonstrates that making up for yourself is a procedure. You can't simply apologize for an inappropriate you have done and be excused; you need to approach slowly and carefully. When you arrive at the highest point of the flight of stairs, you have demonstrated you are commendable and equipped for being completely recovered.

Benchmarks And Goal Setting Education Essay Free Essays

Grown-up researchers carry a specific arrangement of fortunes to the even cluster when they chose to go on their guidance. Their closures will in general be extremely unique in relation to those of more youthful researchers. They will in general pass on a group of life encounters with them that influence the way they see larning. We will compose a custom paper test on Benchmarks And Goal Setting Education Essay or on the other hand any comparable theme just for you Request Now The benchmarks that they set ought to be truly come-at-capable and mensurable with the goal that the researcher can understanding as though they are doing the progression that they need to. Grown-up researchers are truly objective arranged. They need to see that they are doing headway and want to achieve achievement. Numerous adult researchers feel at peril in an instructive so as to achieve a fruitful and synergistic meeting, facilitators must demo their respect and backing for adult researchers. Puting single closures and mensurating achievement is an essential achievement for some researchers today. Contingent upon the individual, finishes might be set purposely or subliminally. On the off chance that this method is applied to the procurement condition students ought to be given the apparatuses of objective scene and achievement observing. A figure of research laborers have proposed that objective setting examples can be utile, can affect scholastic achievement and can prevent student scraped area. In add-on, it was proposed that providing non just objective setting designs however adjacent to joining these examples with progress input can hold a much more prominent result on scholarly achievement than convey oning objective setting exercises totally without advantage of instructor criticism. It has been demonstrated that the undermentioned three boss variables, defining objectives, self-appraisal of open introduction against the finishes, and having educator input have bee n generally useful for researchers in achieving achievement ( Kato, 2009 ) . Andragogy is perchance the primary procurement hypothesis explicitly for adults. It follows the reason that adults learn in any case than kids since they have had more educational encounters and are self-governing. It other than holds that data must be utilized not long after its introduction for adults to acknowledge and retain the procurement. Moreover, Knowles recognizes a few nations that characterize the way adults learn. Grown-up researchers have extraordinary exchange of understanding to add to the procurement condition. Instructors can regularly use this as an asset. Grown-ups hope to hold a high evaluation of impact on instructive subjects and how they are to be taught. Grown-ups need dynamic commitment in planing and actualizing their instructive plans. Grown-ups must perceive the importance of any new procurement. Grown-up researchers look frontward to holding a high evaluation of impact on how their procurement will be assessed. Grown-ups expect their input on the arrange ment ‘s progression to be followed up on in an opportune way ( Kelly, 2006 ) . Grown-up researchers are truly objective situated. They need to see that they are doing progression and want to achieve. Numerous adult researchers feel at peril in an instructive scene. Confidence and pomposity can be undermined in a situation that is non seen as protected and steady. So as to achieve an effective and synergistic meeting, facilitators must demo their respect and backing for adult researchers ( Kelly, 2006 ) . Self-governing obtaining ( SDL ) achievements are the as often as possible the establishment of belly to-tomb procurement. Instructing expects to achieve in any event two crucial finishes for all understudies: to build discernment as to particular substance and to create achievements that will work students great, even past the earth of a particular class. It has been discovered that from a schoolroom try that was intended to quantify student open introduction with respect to the second finish of ability securing, explicitly the achievement of self-governing procurement ( SDL ) was the vast majority of import ( Dynan, Cate and Rhee, 2008 ) . An effective objective setting system that centers around bearing and obtaining is cardinal to acceptable instructive example. Puting closes permits adult guidance understudies to specify what they need to help through and gives a benchmark to both single and plan open introduction. Objective scene is a synergistic system that includes researchers in, putting and entering their finishes, discovering whether the closures are come-at-capable and mensurable, making a course of events for achieving them dependent on a suitable instructional program and pertinent securing exercises and set uping an organization for occasional reappraisal and modification of their closures ( NRS Tips: Learner Goals and NRS Goalsaa‚â ¬ † Making the Connection, n.d. ) . The best finishes that can be set ordinarily have five essential highlights: Exact closures let students cognize what they are attempting for and give them a reasonable imprint at which to take. Quantifiable closures permit understudies to cognize when they have accomplished their finishes. Accomplishable closures are those inside a studentaa‚â ¬a„?s extend. Sensible closures accomplish a harmony between constraining understudies to their limits and non obstructing them. Time-constrained closures make due day of the months that push understudies to complete an end. A timetable ought to remember occasional checks for progression ( NRS Tips: Learner Goals and NRS Goalsaa‚â ¬ † Making the Connection, n.d. ) . Building up adult researcher closes characterizes the nations where heading and procurement will be centered in add-around to providing a benchmark by which plans and understudies study headway. To work this twofold goal, it is basic to recognize short and since a long time ago run mileposts. It is important to refresh the studentaa‚â ¬a„?s end decision if their situation modifications. It might be fit to abridge the pick of specific finishes when their decision is improper. Projects must flexibly advise so adult researchers select portraying closes that are reasonable. Plans are urged to use good judgment while helping understudies pick closes ( Requirements for Student Intake and Description of OAE Adult Learner Assessment Policies and Procedures, 2008 ) . Physical and psychological changes that accept topographic point as individuals age are of import to watch since they can hold an effect on adult obtaining and on the closures that they set: More seasoned understudies have more slow response times than more youthful researchers. They need more clasp to larn new things as they age, in any case, when adults can order the stride of procurement, they can much of the time usefully offset for their lack of speed and larn new things effectively. Vision ordinarily decays from the age of 18 to 40. After 40 there is a fresh lessening for the accompanying 15 mature ages, however after age 55 the decrease in vision happens at a more slow rate. Around at age 70 a people hearing Begins to decline forcefully and an individual starts sing employments with pitch, volume, and pace of reaction. Loss of hearing can be made up for through the utilization of hearing AIDSs, yet regularly more established students might be humiliated by their hearing misfortune and experience less sure. This reduction in confirmation can go a more noteworthy hinderance to larning than the physical disablement. Hardly any progressions have been found in both centripetal and short-run memory as an individual ages, yet long haul memory reductions. More established adults have a harder clasp geting and recouping data and they experience inconveniences in framing new stuff and in treating it. More established adults are non each piece capable as more youthful researchers in preliminaries of callback, however the contrasts among more seasoned and more youthful researchers in preliminaries of affirmation are pretty much nothing or missing. At the point when logical procurement techniques are utilized, less decreases have been found in the memory strategy as an individual ages. The most occupations with memory for more established researchers happen with futile procurement, complex obtaining, and the securing of new things that require reappraisal of old procurement ( Adult Learning, n.d. ) . Choice Grown-up researchers carry a specific arrangement of fortunes to the plain exhibit when they chose to go on their guidance. Their finishes are extremely unique in relation to those of more youthful researchers on account of the way that they have so much beneficial experience to trust upon. The benchmarks that they set should be non just come-at-capable yet close to should be extremely mensurable with the goal that the researcher can understanding as though they are doing the progression that they need to. Step by step instructions to refer to Benchmarks And Goal Setting Education Essay, Essay models

Sports Psychology Education and Degree Programs

Sports Psychology Education and Degree Programs Student Resources Careers Print Sports Psychology Education and Degree Programs By Elizabeth Quinn Elizabeth Quinn is an exercise physiologist, sports medicine writer, and fitness consultant for corporate wellness and rehabilitation clinics. Learn about our editorial policy Elizabeth Quinn Updated on May 21, 2019 JLImages/Stockbyte/Getty Images More in Student Resources Careers APA Style and Writing Study Guides and Tips Sports psychology is a growing profession and many athletes seek the services of psychologists, trainers, and coaches who can help them with the mental aspects of sports training. Elite athletes, professionals, and Olympians all have tremendous physical skills and research is finding that at these levels mental training skills (focus, relaxation, goal-setting and reducing anxiety) are critical in separating first from second place.More recently, recreational athletes are finding the mental training benefits them as well. Motivation, concentration, and focus are helpful for anyone wanting to achieve a goal â€" sports-related or not. Becoming a sports psychologist is now a recognized career choice and sports psychology degree programs are growing. The biggest indication of this is the glut of online degree programs and certificates that are available. These programs offer varying levels of quality and may or may not offer the ideal combination of education and training for those seeking to pursue a career in the field. Anyone looking at sports psychology as a career should talk to people in the discipline, especially professors at universities that offer degrees in Sports Psychology, before committing to any program. You need to make sure the program provides not just a degree, but the education, knowledge, and experience to allow you to be successful in the field. Academic Programs for Advanced Degrees in Sports Psychology Academic programs that may prepare you for a career in Sports Psychology include: Specialized Training in Sports Psychology (Master / Doctoral programs)There are several hundred programs that offer training in sports psychology, but very few that train students to become practicing sports psychologists who see clients. Those that do offer such programs are graduate-level courses (masters / doctoral). You need to do a lot of searching to find specialized programs.Ph.D. in Counseling or Clinical Psychology with additional training in sports psychologyThis is a long career path but allows you to learn a great deal about all aspects of the field. You can also work as a psychologist in a variety of settings.?Master’s Level Counselor or Therapist with additional training in sports psychology.Advanced Training in Exercise Science/Fitness with additional training in PsychologyEntrepreneurs in the field also come from the exercise science field and work to obtain more experience in counseling and coaching. What Degree Do You Need for Sports Psychology? For those seeking to work with athletes, a Masters degree is ideal. A PhD. is a way to go if you desire to work in academics, continue research or pursue high-level consulting roles. Once you locate the schools that you are interested in,  you need to apply and get accepted. This is fairly competitive at the larger schools, often requiring prerequisite coursework, undergraduate degree, 3.0 GPA, and 1500 or better GRE score and experience in sports training, coaching, participation or counseling work. Do You Have What It Takes to Make It in Sports Psychology? You should know if the school focuses on academics (science research) or developing practitioners. Because there is no set career path for sports psychologists once they graduate, it’s important to decide if you have the enthusiasm to pursue the career on your own. You need to have an entrepreneurial spirit and be open to variations of the ‘sports psychologist’ moniker. Most importantly, a career in sports psychology requires some creativity and vision along with optimism, mental focus, goal-setting, and concentration â€" which is exactly what a good sports psychologist is providing to clients. Recommended sports psychology associations, organizations, and journals: APA - Division 47, Exercise and Sport PsychologyThe Association for the Advancement of Applied Sport PsychologyAmerican Board of Sport Psychology

Hamlet, By William Shakespeare Essay - 1580 Words

In the play Hamlet by William Shakespeare, it is clear that Hamlet’s character is truly a puzzled one. It is no secret that Hamlet is displeased with his life and the relationships around him. William Shakespeare in evaluating Hamlet’s relationship with his mother Gertrude and lover Ophelia creates an interesting love-hate relationship. Gertrude and Ophelia both deeply care for Hamlet but he does not seem to recognize that love and is instead blinded by his father’s revenge. Throughout the play, Hamlet suffers a lot never truly searching for happiness and this sadness is combined also with the relationships he has with women. Hamlet’s distrust for women starts early in the play when he finds out that his mother Gertrude has remarried and to his father’s brother Claudius. He immediately becomes distrustful towards her and suspects her loyalty to his father. He interacts differently with the two women in his life and never is able to see neither Ophe lia’s nor Gertrude’s love as he thinks that they are too weak and dependent on men. In this essay, I will further examine and analyze Hamlet’s relationship with his mother and lover in order to show the relationship they have. Shakespeare does a great job at allowing his readers to understand Hamlet’s pain and broken relationship with his mother, Gertrude. There is sympathy towards Hamlet provided by Shakespeare to his readers to understand the discomfort Hamlet is going through when he thinks that King Henry deserves more thanShow MoreRelatedHamlet, By William Shakespeare880 Words   |  4 PagesWilliam Shakespeare is praised as the pioneering English poet and playwright whose collection of theatrical works is regarded as the greatest artistic value throughout the history of English literature. Shakespeare delved into the spiritual and mental component of humanity and the consequences that arise from this human spirit when it is disputed. The most famous revenge tragedy play, Hamlet, is an excellent illustration of Shakespeare’s philosophical study of human nature. In Hamlet, the arguableRead MoreHamlet, By William Shakespeare899 Words   |  4 PagesWilliam Shakespeare, author of Hamlet, was a well-known author in the 1500s and is still popular today. He was born on April 24, 1564 in London, England. Although there were no birth records at that time, it shows he was baptized one year prior to that, which leads us to believe his birthday was in 1564 because children were normally baptized a year after their birth. Shakespeare’s writing style was very different than others at that time. He used many metaphors and rhetorical phrases, and most ofRead MoreHamlet, By William Shakespeare996 Words   |  4 PagesHamlet, written by William Shakespeare, with out a doubt holds the most famous soliloquy in English history spoken by Hamlet in Act III, scene i, lines 57-90. This soliloquy holds much importance to the play as a whole because it ties together the reoccurring themes of suicide and Hamlet’s inaction portrayed by Shakespeare. Hamlet poses a problem, which is the driving force of the play: â€Å"To be or not to be?†(III.i.57). Shakespeare uses thi s logical question asked by Hamlet to drive out his underlyingRead MoreHamlet, By William Shakespeare1178 Words   |  5 Pages In William Shakespeare’s play Hamlet, the protagonist suffers from struggles with major characters, especially with the women in his life. While reading the play Hamlet, Hamlet appears to be a disillusioned man. Throughout the play, Shakespeare has only casted two females: Gertrude and Ophelia. Gertrude is defined to be incestuous, naà ¯ve and cold-hearted. On the other side, Ophelia is characterized to be ignorant, innocent and fearful. After the quick marriage of his mother and evil uncle, Hamlet’sRead MoreHamlet, By William Shakespeare1308 Words   |  6 PagesHamlet is arguably one of the greatest tragedies in all of literature and when most people think of tragic plays, they think of none other than the one who wrote it, William Shakespeare. This classic story of revenge excites it’s readers with its main character, Prince Hamlet, who goes through the unique human-like process of revenge that is often overlooked. Many other stories rely heavily on the logi c of good people doing good things and bad people doing bad things just for the sake of their natureRead MoreHamlet, By William Shakespeare Essay1453 Words   |  6 PagesHamlet by William Shakespeare explores many aspects of mankind--death, betrayal, love, and mourning. Out of these, the most prominent theme in this play is death in the form of suicide. The main character, Hamlet, finds himself questioning the quality of life and the uncertainty of the afterlife once he discovers news of his father s death and the corruption in the kingdom that follows. Ophelia, Hamlet’s lover, is found dead later in the plot and is presumed to have committed suicide. In Hamlet’sRead MoreHamlet, By William Shakespeare1146 Words   |  5 PagesA character so complex, enticing and fascinating, his name is Hamlet. We are all Hamlet, and that, is the argument. Hamlet is an enigmatic character with many flaws. These flaws are the ones that prove similarities between us and him. A play so popular and significant is due to its huge relevance to us as a society. In the play Hamlet, William Shakespeare uses Hamlet’s character and metaphor to demonstrate that when one is left alone to their thoughts, these thoughts overtake reason. ConsequentlyRead MoreHamlet by William Shakespeare1456 Words   |  6 PagesThe play Hamlet, by William Shakespeare, takes place in a time where the impossible was a part of the lives of everyday people. Occurrences that people in the modern time would believe unbelievable. Yet, with just a quill and parchment Shakespeare’s is able to connect the past and present by weaving a plot with skill that is still unparalleled to this day. The play Hamlet this exceeds this expectation by revealing depth of Hamlets, the protagonists, character personality through the useRead MoreHamlet, By William Shakespeare1920 Words   |  8 PagesIn the play Hamlet by William Shakespeare, the character Hamlet must deal with both external and internal conflict. Hamlet encounters many struggles and has trouble finding a way to deal with them. With so many corrupt people in his life, Hamlet feels as if there is no one that he can trust and begins to isolate himself from others. A result from this isolation leads Hamlet to become melancholy. Hamlet struggles with suicidal thoughts, wants to kill King Claudius, and is distraught over his mother’sRead MoreHamlet, By William Shakespeare846 Words   |  4 Pagesalways been a contemplative topic. In Hamlet, the main character Hamlet thinks to himself about suicide. Hamlet was written by William Shakespeare. Shakespeare wrote Hamlet between 1599 and 1602. William Shakespeare is one of the greatest playwrights in history. Hamlet is about Prince Hamlet of Denmark who is trying to find out about the death of his father after his father s ‘ghost’ comes to him telling him it was his uncle who had killed him. While Hamlet contemplates suicide he gives his famous

The Things They Carried By Tim O Brien - 1079 Words

In Tim O’Brien’s â€Å"The Things They Carried†, O’Brien created several allusions that each character endured during the Vietnam War. Throughout the story were vast representations of the things the soldiers carried both mentally and physically. The things they carried symbolized their individual roles internally and externally. In addition to the symbolism, imagination was a focal theme that stood out amongst the characters. This particular theme played a role as the silent killer amongst Lt. Cross and the platoon both individually and collectively as a group. The theme of imagination created an in depth look of how the war was perceived through each character which helped emphasize their thoughts from an emotional standpoint of being young men out at war. Imagination hindered the platoon which clouded their judgment and decision making. Instead of remaining focused their wandering mind lacked what was necessary, assessing the task at hand. â€Å"In some respects, though not many, the waiting was worse than the tunnel itself. Imagination was a killer.† (O’Brien 619) In relation to the quote â€Å"imagination was a killer†, this metaphor represents how the soldiers made situations like being in the tunnel mentally challenging for them. Paranoia quickly consumed their thoughts and emotions before partaking in the actual mission. The men envisioned awful scenarios that could occur which aided their tension to escalate. As a result, doubt and uncertainty about their performance was a majorShow MoreRelatedThe Things They Carried By Tim O Brien892 Words   |  4 PagesThe Vietnam War was a long, exhausting, and traumatic experience for all of the soldiers and those who came with them. The Things They Carried, by Tim O Brien illustrates the different affects the war had on a variety of people: Jacqueline Navarra Rhoads, a former nurse during the Vietnam war, demonstrates these effects within her own memoir in the book, The Forgotten Veterans. Both sources exemplify many tribulations, while sharing a common thread of suffering from mental unpredictability. DesensitizationRead MoreThe Things They Carried By Tim O Brien1377 Words   |  6 Pageslove to have it as good as we do. Tim O’Brien’s The Things They Carried discusses many veterans who experience the burden of shame and guilt daily due to their heroic actions taken during the Vietnam War. The book shows you how such a war can change a man before, during, and after it’s over.     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As I reflect on the many conflicts America has been a part of, none can compare to the tragedies that occurred in The Vietnam war. As told in The Things They Carried (O’Brien), characters such as NormanRead MoreThe Things They Carried By Tim O Brien1457 Words   |  6 Pagesthe theme pertains to everyone regardless of their background. It conveys the same ideas to people from all across our society. Lastly, a classic is timeless, which means it has transcended the time in which it was written. In Tim O’Brien’s novel, The Things They Carried, he offers a new, intriguing way to view war or just life in general and also meets all of the crucial requirements mentioned above to qualify it as a book of literary canon. Though this book is technically a war novel, many peopleRead MoreThe Things They Carried By Tim O Brien1242 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Tim O’Brien is obsessed with telling a true war story. O Brien s fiction about the Vietnam experience suggest, lies not in realistic depictions or definitive accounts. As O’Brien argues, absolute occurrence is irrelevant because a true war story does not depend upon that kind of truth. Mary Ann’s induction into genuine experience is clearly destructive as well as empowering† (p.12) Tim O’s text, The Things they Carried, details his uses of word choice to portray his tone and bias. Tim O’BrienRead MoreThe Things They Carried By Tim O Brien1169 Words   |  5 Pagesbut are set in the past and borrows things from that time period. A story that fits this genre of literature is The Things They Carried. The story is about Tim O Brien, a Vietnam veteran from the Unite States, who tells stories about what had happ ened when he and his team were stationed in Vietnam. He also talks about what he felt about the war when he was drafted and what he tried to do to avoid going to fight in Vietnam. The Things They Carried by Tim O Brien was precise with its portrayal of settingRead MoreThe Things They Carried By Tim O Brien1004 Words   |  5 Pages Tim O’Brien is a veteran from of the Vietnam War, and after coming home from his duty he decided to be a writer. His work â€Å"The Things They Carried† is about a group of soldiers that are fighting in the Vietnam War. The first part of the story talks mostly about physical items that each soldier carries, and also mentions the weight of the items as well. Though, there is one exception to the list of physical things. Lieutenant Cross is a character of the story, and Tim O’ Brien quickly states theRead MoreThe Things They Carried By Tim O Brien896 Words   |  4 PagesTrouble without a doubt is what First Lieutenant Jimmy Cross c arried around his shoulders because he was out in war, where mistakes happen. Lost and unknown of his surroundings he had to lead his men into safety, while destroying anything they found. First Lieutenant Jimmy Cross only holds onto one thing for hope and that is Martha, the woman who he hopes is a virgin to come back to. Tim O’ Brien introduces symbolism by adding a character that has a meaning of purity and a pebble, which symbolizesRead MoreThe Things They Carried By Tim O Brien Essay832 Words   |  4 PagesSummary: â€Å"By and large they carried these things inside, maintaining the masks of composure† (21). In Tim O’brien’s The Things They Carried, the American soldiers of the Vietnam War carry much more than the weight of their equipment, much more than souvenirs or good-luck charms or letters from home. They carried within themselves the intransitive burdens—of fear, of cowardice, of love, of loneliness, of anger, of confusion. Most of all, they carry the truth of what happened to them in the war—aRead MoreThe Things They Carried By Tim O Brien1369 Words   |  6 PagesMany authors use storytelling as a vehicle to convey the immortality of past selves and those who have passed to not only in their piece of literature but in their life as an author. In Tim O’Brien’s work of fiction The Things They Carried, through his final chapter â€Å"The Lives of the Dead,† O Brien conveys that writing is a matter of survival since, the powers of s torytelling can ensure the immortality of all those who were significant in his life. Through their immortality, O’Brien has the abilityRead MoreThe Things They Carried By Tim O Brien1407 Words   |  6 Pages       Our introduction stated that in â€Å"The Things They Carried,† author Tim O’Brien tells us not directly of the soldiers of Vietnam, or the situations they find themselves in, but about the things they carry on their shoulders and in their pockets. These â€Å"things† identify the characters and bring them to life.   I find that to be true as the author unfolds the stories about war and the uncommon things one carries in to war both inadvertently and on purpose.  Ã‚  Ã‚  As it was noted: Stories about war –

The Role of Modern Industrial Manager Free Essays

string(54) " and environment you could achieve excellent results\." MNGT352 Advanced Modern Management The role of a modern industrial manager Prashanth Balacumaresan (200679951) Word Count: 1965 A manager is someone in charge of an organisation or subunit. Many would fit the bill of a manager besides a chief executive, including coaches, bishops, foremen even presidents and prime ministers. What is the role of a manager? If you did ask someone in a managerial position what they did they would probably tell you that they plan, organize, coordinate and control. We will write a custom essay sample on The Role of Modern Industrial Manager or any similar topic only for you Order Now Mangers are persistent individuals and they perform their activities in concise, diverse manners. Study shows that most activities performed by chief executives last less than 9 minutes and only a small fraction of the time do activities last an hour long. The work pace for most chief executives and foremen are relentless, spending their whole day receiving calls and mail with every break interrupted by a subordinate looking for some sort of guidance (Mintzberg 1990). The role of an ideal manager should be a balance between the roles Mintzberg has described. This is because a manger is the commander in chief of an organisation and through this role he has contact to various interpersonal relationships. This gives his the opportunity to gain access to various sorts of information which would then enable him to put to good use by planning effective strategies, making decisions or implement in action (Waldron. M. W, Vasanthakumar. J Arulraj. S 1997). Managerial roles accentuates reasoning and control, and it does not matter whichever direction the focus is on, the manager should always look at ways to achieve results that would make positive impact and make people continue contributing to his or her organisation. In 1981 Arnaldo conducted a survey of hotel general managers by adapting Mintzberg approach to managerial behaviour. What he found out from this research was that a large majority of mangers viewed leadership as the most important role among the ten roles as proposed by Mintzberg. From this view leadership is an essential quality required for one who is a manager. (Zaleznik. A, 1978). The trait theory perspective suggests that certain individuals possess the qualities and characteristics that highlight them as natural born leaders and this is what will differentiate them from their subordinates. Northouse, P2010). Although this suggests that leadership is a quality that cannot be learnt but one that is acquired , (Worsfold,1989)it would give a person who is likely to take up a role as a manager an insight of the characteristics and qualities that are essential for a leader. Furthermore one need not necessarily stick to its outline as leadership is a role that allows an individual to show his or her unique abilities to command and influence others. (Hollander,1978). Project leadership is essentially defined as a process that fits into a managerial job that would take into consideration the requirement and perquisite of those people who decide to stand besides you to see the completion of a particular task. (Cleland,1995). Project leaders should not be too rigid and exercise authority over the situation within leadership criteria (Cleland and Ireland, 2007) but rather as Goetsch and Davies(2006, 254-255) say inspire individuals in making entire enthusiastic along with intentional dedication towards achieving company aims. Thus one does not need to be intellectually superior to be a manager but rather one need to be determinant, strong willed, analytical, intelligent and most importantly be tolerant. (Zaleznik. A ,1978). Kanji (2008) states leadership is defined as the conduct related by activities in taking charge signifying the immense difficulties faced by managers and professors. Therefore leadership is a variation of characteristics, principles, behaviour and attitude that acts as the key to long term performance of established organisations. (Lakshman, 2006). Having an action mindset about the work environment is another trait required by a manager. A popular visual metaphor indicates that an organisation is a chariot pulled by wild horses which represent the emotions, anticipation and ambitions and needs of people in the organisation. Keeping onto to the same track requires just as the same skill that is required to set off in an entirely new direction. Having an action mindset in this context would be to understand the nature of the situation and utilising the capabilities of the team helping to stay on and maintain direction. Gosling Mintzberg, 2003) Nearly all managerial decisions and actions are influenced by the assumptions made based on observation about human behaviour. Douglas McGregor published in his book The Human Side of Enterprise, two very unique ways of looking at human nature namely Theory X and Theory Y. McGregor also assumed that a typical manger should operate on the context that his employees are either Theory X or Th eory Y. Assumptions uch as these mould the manager’s perspective on his employees resulting in either a Theory X manager, who would assume a direct and harsh approach denying employees control over their work ,using an incentive based reward system to monitor performance and constantly supervise his employees or rather a Theory Y manager who would be more lenient towards his employees granting them positions of responsibility and structuring the work environment in a manner which would result in efficient methods to solve problems and increase productivity. McGregor ,1960) The Hawthorne experiments conducted by Elton Mayo from 1924 to 1934 prove this point by clearly illustrating that even when the working conditions were varied the team dynamics of the team remained the same. The women who participated in the experiment formed a cooperative relationship and responded spontaneously to this experiment. As they were not pushed or forced to do work, and every decision they made would influence their work they formed a sense of responsibility and worked spontaneously. The productivity increased and the workers remained happy. According to McGregor a manager’s perspective on their employees which could be either Theory X or Theory Y can influence their decisions. What managers need is their employees to perform well and given the right incentive and environment you could achieve excellent results. You read "The Role of Modern Industrial Manager" in category "Essay examples" The ideal Theory Y manager would instead of a directive management approach rather choose an approach which would actually involve giving employees positions of responsibility and forming mutually beneficial relationships. This is what was clearly emphasized by Mc Gregor as a core component of Management. What is lacking is most managers fail to understand this fact (Bobic. M. P Davis E. W). Human motivation in the workplace cannot be defined of falling into the category of either Theory X or Theory Y. It should be rather viewed as something more complicated which is rather a concoction of the two (Miner, 1980; Schein 1970). It has been observed by many through social interactions with managers over several years that most managers use a blend of theories X, Y and Z rather than sticking to the framework of one particular on (Sharma. S 1998). Self regulation is the process of mastering ones emotions. A person who has mastered their emotions would be adaptable to change and would not panic in a circumstance where change would influence his workplace. Self regulation is a key factor that would be influential in the workplace as due to the modern technological trend and competitiveness businesses and companies exist with a great of ambiguity and uncertainness. Companies merge and break at rapid paces and technology is not constant and it will change. Goleman,1998) currently most companies are adapting to advanced manufacturing technologies that are intended to optimize and improve performance in various aspects of the workplace. These are opportunity to revolutionize the way production processes. Large companies are already making the switch towards these innovations in order to enhance the performance and increase the positions in the global markets. (Tidd, 1991) Industries are constantly undergoing revolutionary t echnological change to transform them abound. Examples include switching from metal engine parts to ceramic and switching from lead acid to lithium ion in batteries. When these situations arise a self regulatory person would possess the dexterity to hold his judgement, seek information and adapt to the changes. Effective team working skills are one that is required of a manager. The ability to coordinate individual actions (Zaccaro, Rittman, and Marks 2001) and having a better communication structure among team members can greatly influence the performance of the effectiveness of the team. Team leaders who are encouraging and involve all members in team problem solving enable collective information processing that maximises the teams effectiveness. Zaccaro et al. ) Good managers enable their teams to remain goal oriented, ensure a collaborative setting for the team members, build confidence, demonstrate technical skills, set their priorities, manage performance expectations and bring back excellent results. (LaFasto, Larson 2001). Essentially team leaders, who set high performance goals, demonstrate a clear set of strategies and push their team m embers to their full potentials will display higher team efficiency and cohesion rather than team leaders who do not involve themselves in such tasks. Zaccaro et al. ) Motivation is also a key role for the manager. He or she must be themselves be motivated to perform the task at hand and meanwhile they should be able to motivate the team by keeping the team morale upHow a manager motivates his employees could be varied according to the approach he or she takes. Firstly there is the KITA approach which literally translates as kick in the pants which can either be a negative or a positive approach depending on the manager. Negative KITA is a direct action approach, and it has its drawbacks of being physically confronting which can build up negativity among the employees and the manager. There is also the softer positive approach which is considered as a seduction technique which is the promise of incentive to the employee which can get them to produce good work. (Hertzberg, 1968) This is supported by the expectancy theory that proposes the idea that people work harder depending on the size of the reward. (Mullins, 2007). According to Fredrick Hertzberg motivation relies on two factors firstly the hygiene factors that deal with factors such as working conditions, job security etc and the motivator factors. An employee would usually expect the hygiene factors to be implemented in the workplace as these are factors that help an individual to settle down in an environment. Taking these away from an employee would automatically make him or her dissatisfied and hence de-motivated to work. The other motivator factors are based on an individual’s desire to be better and rise above others. These include status, recognition and sense of achievement. Let us take the company Innocent Drinks for example. They motivate their staff by providing a working environment which is pleasant i. e. the inclusion of trees inside the offices and having Astroturf floors. They also provide free breakfast, a team weekend every year and also scholarships of ? 1000 to employees to fund personal projects such as taking a course etc. Even in their weekly meetings they make their staff feel valuable and this way Innocent helps to keep its staff happy. This is a good model of How Hertzberg’s hygiene and motivational factors have been taken into account and keep employees motivated. (Caterer research how to motivate staff 2011) Mc Clelland’s achievement motivation theory categorizes the people who want to achieve. These people were motivated by intrinsic factors such as goals and aspirations of the individual rather than extrinsic factors such as salary etc. These sorts of people were identified by their affinity to perform difficult put potentially achievable goals, and their like to take risks. These are the sorts of characteristics expected in a manager. In conclusion what should be stated is that all these qualities may not be present in a manager but in general a good manager would be an ideal blend of some of these characteristics. These would not necessarily be outwardly showed but when the situation arises if one could perform that is what is essential. This is the internal meaning of the quote â€Å"Cometh the hour, cometh the man†. Bibliography Arnaldo, M (1981) ‘Hotel general managers: a profile’, The Cornell H. R. A. Quarterly November, 53-56. Bobic M. P and Davis E. W A Kind Word for Theory X: Or Why many New Fangled Management Techniques quickly fail. Cleland, D. I. (1995). Leadership and the project management body of knowledge. International Journal of Project Management, 13(2): 83-88. Cleland, D. I. and Ireland, L. R. (2007). Project Management: Strategie Design and Implementation (5th), Boston: McGraw-Hill. Goleman. D (1998) What Makes a Leader? Harvard Business Review pp. 92-102 Gosling J Mintzberg H(2003) The Five Minds of a Manager (Cover Story) Harvard Business Review 81(11) ,54-63 Goetsch, D. L. and Davis, S. B. (2006). Quality Management: Introduction to Total Quality Management for Production, Processing, and Services (5), New Jersey: Pearson Education International. Hertzberg F. (1987) One More Time: How do you Motivate Employees Harvard Business vol 46 issue 1 Review pp. 53-62 Hollander, E (1978) ‘Leadership Dynamics: A Practical Guide to Effective Relationships’, Free Press: New York. Kanji, GK. (2008). Leadership is prime: How do you measure Leadership Excellence? Total Quality Management Business Excellence, 19(4): 417-427. LaFasto F Larson C (2001) When Teams Work Best Thousand Oaks CA:SAGE Lakshman, C. (2006). A Theory of Leadership for Quality: Lessons from TQM for Leadership Theory. Total Quality Management Business Excellence, 17(1): 41-60. Mayo, E. (1933) The Human Problems of an Industrial Civilization, Macmillan. Mc Gregor. D (1960) The Human Side of Enterprise New York Mc-Graw Hill McClelland, D. (1967) The Achieving Society, The Free Press, Miner J. B (1980). Theory of organisational behaviour. Hinsdale, IL; Dryden Press Mullins J (2007) Management and Organisational Behaviour 8th Edition Northouse, P (2010) ‘Leadership: Theory and Practice 5th Edition’, Sage Publications: London. Schien E (1970) Organisational Psychology (2nd ed. ) Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall Sharma. S (1998) Enlightened Leadership in Indian Ethos: The way of Theory K. Management Change Vol 2 No 1 ,January- June 1998, pp. 93-104. Tidd. J (1991) Flexible Manufacturing Technologies and International Competitiveness, London: Pinter Waldron M. W, Vasanthakumar J and Arulraj. S. 1997) Improving the organization and management of extension. In Swanson. B. E Improving Agricultural Extension: A reference manual Worsfold, P (1989) ‘Leadership and managerial effectiveness in the hospitality industry’, International Journal of Hospitality Management, 8(2), 145-155. Zaccaro. S J, Rittman A. L Marks M. A (2001) Team Leadership. Leadership Quarterly 12 451-483 Zalenik,A (1978) Managers and leaders:are they different? Mckinsey Quarterly,(1), p 2-22 http. //www. catererresearch. com/Articles/2006/06/15/307200/how-to-motivate staff. html [Accessed 21/11/11] How to cite The Role of Modern Industrial Manager, Essay examples

Organizational Learning Creating Retaining and System

Question: Discuss about the Organizational Learning for Creating Retaining and System. Answer: Introduction: I work at Pumpkin Patch in Auckland. It was in the midst of the complete of the year, and the Chairman requested all divisions to venture up with respect to considering new leaders in the workplaces, team leaders and representatives. The present leaders in the school thought about the movement of the all the team leaders, managers and operators hold social occasions with their individual teams to begin the action as fast as could be normal in light of the current situation. The key activities included working up a movement of choices from the proposed individuals who may lead in the following year. The social occasions were held at different conditions whereby the leaders were required to exhort the people from the unmistakable get-togethers of the inspiration driving the get-togethers and what they are required to do. The primary time of the social affairs was done after the leaders in the teams announced that the year is finish and new leaders for the school ought to be picked in the different divisions. This left the leadership positions purge and was proclaimed that new leaders to be picked (Turner 2014). New races began with each social event settling on decisions on who will lead them in the following year. I was in the marketing division whereby we were picking the team leader and the specialists. All people in the get-together considered different recommendations on how the leaders were to be picked. Some of them prescribed that choice of individuals would be done through climbing of hand for those supporting a specific individual for the particular position. Others suggested that a surveying station would be the most sensible procedure for finishing the race. Others said that the leaders would be picked through picking of made numbers with which each of the individuals will pick a made number to begin with one to five. The individual picking number one will be the team leader and the second will be the operator. The past team leader recommended that leaders of the team be picked in perspective of authenticity. The people who have worked for the affiliation and in the workplace fo r a long time would be given the principle should be picked as leaders. The particular suggestions made conflicts among the people in light of the way that different people maintained unmistakable hopefuls. A crisis developed when the race couldn't continue in light of the way that the social affair people couldn't agree. The people were not willing to partake in the race since it twisted up obviously difficult to pick their choice of leader. They showed up not roused in picking the experts since they would not think about a suggestion that they would agree on. This transformed into a significant issue for the workplace since the people from the team couldn't finish the choices as required. The races were put off as answers for the issue were taken to the board for discussion on a harmonious strategy for passing on choices of leaders in the affiliation (Gelfandet al. 2012). Motivation/Reinforcement: Bingham and Connor (2015) portrays learning as the transformative method of taking in information thatwhen masked and mixed with what we have experiencedchanges what we know and develops what we do. It relies on upon data, process, and reflection. It is what moves us. Learning theoriesgive an instructive/andragogical explanation behind perceiving how our understudies learn. Every speculative perspective offers points of interest to planners however the perspectives must be taken into setting depending on the condition, execution goal(s), and learners (Jonassen and Land 2012).In the circumstance delineated in undertaking one; there are two learning theories that are related to the depicted event. They fuse the social learning theory and likewise the organizational learningtheory. Social learning theory is a theory that attempts to elucidate socialization and its effect on the headway of the self (Cherry 2012). There are different theories that clear up how people wind up observably socialized, including functionalism,psychoanalytic theory, symbolic interaction theoryandconflict theory. Social learning theory, like these others, looks singular learning process, the course of action of self, and the effect of society in socializing individuals (Schunkand Zimmerman2012). Social learning theory considers the game plan of one's identity to be an academic response to social lifts. It underscores the societal setting of socialization rather than the individual identity. This theory recommends that an individual's identity is not the aftereffect of the unmindful, (for instance, the conviction of psychoanalytic researchers), yet rather is essentially the outcome of showing in light of the cravings of others. Practices and miens make in light of reinforcement and support from the all-inclusive community around us. While social learning researchers perceive that adolescent experience is basic, they also assume that the identity people pick up is confined more by the practices and attitudes of others (Brauer and Tittle 2012). Social learning theory has its establishments in mind look into and was shaped uncommonly by advisor Albert Bandura. Sociologists routinely use social learning theory to understand wrongdoing and irregularity (Rosenthal and Zimmerman 201 4). Two of the most indispensable supporters of the field of organizational learning theory have been Chris Argrys and Donald Schon. Organizational learning (OL), according to Argrys and Schon is a consequence of organizational demand. This suggests at whatever point expected outcome contrasts from certified outcome, an individual (or social occasion) will participate in demand to appreciate and, if basic, comprehend this inconsistency. Amid the time spent organizational demand, the individual will connect with various people from the affiliation and learning will happen. Learning is along these lines a prompt aftereffect of this interaction. Argrys and Schon stretch that this interaction consistently goes well past portrayed organizational standards and frameworks. There has been expansion of advance on the movement of organizational learning theory and the relationship has been referred as standard based, history ward, and target arranged. While lessons from history are secured in the organizational memory, the event itself is routinely lost. OL is transmitted through socialization, preparing, and pantomime and so on, and can change after some time likewise of understandings of history (Argote 2012). This theory applies in the circumstance of picking leaders at the Pumpkin Patch whereby the individual learning of the peculiar people from the social affair were not gotten, and they finished together clearly reluctant to partake in the choice work out. Team dynamics: Team dynamics is portrayed as the qualities/capable methods that by and large work in teams and impacts in the execution of the team and satisfaction of its people. Team's dynamics is clear in the circumstance of picking leaders in the affiliation. Individuals among the team usually interface whereby the exercises of the people are affected by others. There is a necessity for understanding the direct surprisingly in the team to keep up a key separation from conflicts occurring among the people. Team's lead is considered of prime hugeness in team dynamics. Considering the circumstance, team people in the distinctive assets were experiencing team dynamics. The marketing division people experienced conflicts in this way of team dynamics. Particular people had different points of view on how the race of leaders ought to be finished (Levi2015). A team is described as included no less than two individuals partner reliantly and getting together with the true objective of finishing specific targets. In a relationship, there can be formal and easy-going teams (Percet al. 2013). In the circumstance at Pumpkin Patch, the affiliation includes both formal and easy-going teams. The teams in the distinctive divisions are formal since they are made with the true objective of fulfilling specific focuses in the affiliation. For example, the production team contains team people from the workplace who get together with the ultimate objective of orchestrating and settling on decisions that are related to the division. If there should arise an occurrence of choices, the team people were away to accomplish the objective of picking leaders who may lead the team in the following year. Murphey et al. (2012) depict that team dynamics as a rule effect the lead of individual people in the team and furthermore the team all things considered. Team dynamics can be cleared up using models of team dynamics like the Homan's model and the Bales structure. The models are appropriate to the working of teams inside an affiliation. The Homan's model portrays that a team includes a couple of parts including activity, affiliation and feeling. The affiliation circumstance, the teams that were made, had a development to grasp. The present activity was to pick leaders. They interfaced in the midst of the choice, and the people had different conclusions in their viewpoints of how the races should be done. The comparability of the parts chooses the team ampleness. In our circumstance, the segments of collaborations, activities and conclusions were not immaculate therefore sufficiency in the team in achieving the set target was affected (Turner2014). As for Bales structure, the team direct in the circumstance can be analysed using the Bales system. It gives twelve classes which the team lead can be poor down as either having a place with the endeavour scope of the socially troubled region. In the request got some data about undertaking and answers tried in the task area, the activities in the race circumstance in the association can be sorted as asking suggestion and giving proposition in team lead. In the enthusiastic social range, the team lead can be delineated as negative reactions in light of the way that the people were in strife and not prepared to surrender to one proposal. Using the model, one can research the dynamics in the team and perceive the purpose behind the issues inside the working of the team (Parsons 2013). Communication: The circumstance at Pumpkin Patch can be bankrupt down in association with communication in groups. From the choice circumstance of the workforce to pick new leaders, one can portray that there was no proper communication among the group people. Clearly, nonappearance of communication inside the group incited strife among the group people, and the races were deferred by virtue of the distinction among the people (Garvey2014). Communication in groups is affected by different components. Like this, it is basic for group people to grasp that communication in the group may be mind boggling and they need to create themselves so as to keep up a vital separation from adverse impact on the group yields. While picking their leaders, people in the team did not consider the importance of effective communication among the group people. This is the reason a distinction happened, and the races were not grasped (Wolebenet al. 2012). Better communication on groups is refined when the people consider it imperative, tune in and share, are indisputable and orchestrate. In the circumstance, it is obvious that better communication was not refined among the group people in the staff of exchange. The communication showed up not vital in light of the way that each part had their recommendations and required them to be considered for choice. The people did not give the meeting beginning time for trade on the activities that were happening. In spite of the way that the people were allowed to participate in the race strategy, they didn't achieve satisfaction in the communication method. Each group part was not versatile with the suggestion they made, and an issue of meeting up at an ultimate decision was an issue (Grunig2013). In group communication, people are required to have an understanding of the impeding parts. Fujishin (2013) mean that people should perceive the necessity for strong ties and any social preoccupations that may affect strong communication. Awesome communication in groups is upset by how much the group people talk, to whom they talk, paying little respect to whether they talk straightforwardly or defensively and the sum they tune in. The marketing team group people seemed, by all accounts, to be controlled by these segments in the midst of their group communication. The people talked more than they tuned into each other. They talked defensively with each asking for their proposal to be considered as the intelligent system for finishing the choices. This quelled the group people from getting in contact at an assention, and a dispute was unpreventable. In group communication, the level of communication, for the most part, depends on upon the individual needs of individuals, and moreover, goals appeared differently in relation to the prerequisites and targets of the group. It depends on upon individual character, part and the furthermore picture inside the group, group cohesiveness and soul. The effect and control of vitality, closeness, and affirmation by the other group people moreover chooses the level of group communication. In the choice of leader's circumstance in Pumpkin Patch, there was a low level of communication among the group people from the marketing team inside the affiliation. The group people were more stressed with individual needs and targets rather that the group needs and destinations (Guffey and Loewy2012). Recommendations Learning Team dynamics Communication To direct motivation inside the circumstance of picking leaders, it is recommended that: To begin with, fulfil particular learning of the get-together people Take all people suggestions as basic Engage in strange condition of affiliation and openness among the get-together people while analysing the issue to facilitate learning Develop a learning environment inside the social affair to stimulate obligation among the team people Ensure people appreciate the learning achievements of the get-together and work towards achieving the goals Coordinated effort among the people to be impeccable with the learning activities To improve team working/dynamics, there is a need to: Invigorate positive joint efforts among team people Keep up a vital separation from part competition in the team Have a learning of direct inside the team and how to reinforce positive team lead Bolster part team cohesiveness Set clear team benchmarks that should be trailed by all people Set benchmarks and approach that are appropriate and indispensable in controlling the occasion of disputes and fundamental leadership in the team Thought should be given to the whole condition considering the errands and what's more the team people To upgrade communication in the circumstance, there is a necessity for: Encouraging pack people to have an accentuation on social occasion targets and not solitary goals Having a carful relationship of the social occasion and its people Mastermind bundle social affairs earlier early before the noteworthy meeting for the choices Allow all people to appreciate the race system Bolster flexibility in the proposals made Incite gathering people not to remain inflexible with their recommendations Encouraging bundle people to ensure assemble think and land at an understanding. References Argote, L., 2012.Organizational learning: Creating, retaining and transferring knowledge. Springer Science Business Media. Bingham, T. and Conner, M., 2015.The New Social Learning: Connect. Collaborate. Work. Association For Talent Development. Brauer, J.R. and Tittle, C.R., 2012. Social learning theory and human reinforcement.Sociological Spectrum,32(2), pp.157-177. Cherry, K., 2012. Social learning theory.Retrieved July,2, p.2012. Fujishin, R., 2013.Creating effective groups: The art of small group communication. Rowman Littlefield. Garvey, W.D., 2014.Communication: the essence of science: facilitating information exchange among librarians, scientists, engineers and students. Elsevier. Gelfand, M.J., Leslie, L.M., Keller, K. and de Dreu, C., 2012. Conflict cultures in organizations: How leaders shape conflict cultures and their organizational-level consequences.Journal of Applied Psychology,97(6), p.1131. Grunig, J.E., 2013.Excellence in public relations and communication management. Routledge. Guffey, M.E. and Loewy, D., 2012.Essentials of business communication. Cengage Learning. Jonassen, D. and Land, S. eds., 2012.Theoretical foundations of learning environments. Routledge. Levi, D., 2015.Group dynamics for teams. Sage Publications. Murphey, T., Falout, J., Fukada, Y. and Fukuda, T., 2012. Group dynamics: Collaborative agency in present communities of imagination.Psychology for language learning: Insights from research, theory and practice, pp.220-238. Parsons, T., 2013.Social system. Routledge. Perc, M., Gmez-Gardees, J., Szolnoki, A., Flora, L.M. and Moreno, Y., 2013. Evolutionary dynamics of group interactions on structured populations: a review.Journal of the royal society interface,10(80), p.20120997. Rosenthal, T.L. and Zimmerman, B.J., 2014.Social learning and cognition. Academic Press. Schunk, D.H. and Zimmerman, B.J. eds., 2012.Motivation and self-regulated learning: Theory, research, and applications. Routledge. Turner, M.E., 2014.Groups at work: Theory and research. Psychology Press. Woleben, S.M., Cai, Z. and Zeng, I., Sprint Spectrum LP, 2012.Advanced joining into multicast group to facilitate later communication among group members. U.S. Patent 8,284,773.

NIKE †Channel conflict

Executive summary NIKE Company that deals in the designing and manufacture of sportswear sports items evolved from the BRS Company, which was established in 1964 by Phil Knight. He decided to establish the company after recognizing that the U.S. market was too much dependant on imported footwear items.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on NIKE – Channel conflict specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Since then, the company has grown to become a global market leader in supplying sports shoes to its customers. Despite of its wonderful growth, the company experienced channel conflict when it decided to launch its products to be available for online retail in 1999. This channel conflict was mainly due to the clashing objectives of the channel members, its traditional channel members declined to keep pace with the changing times, and channel members failed to accomplish their obligations. This led to negative impacts on the effectiveness of the channel, reduced partner loyalty to principals, and erosion of customer satisfaction. Therefore, to avoid undesirable outcomes, the problem can be addressed adequately by engaging the services of an external consultant to come up with a number of proposed solutions that can benefit the organization in the long run. The success of the proposed solutions can be evaluated through analyzing the behavioral performance of the channels and distinguishing forewarning signs of unacceptable performance within the channels. Introduction In 1964, Phil Knight, a Stanford MBA student, started the BRS (Blue Ribbon Sports) Company with the intention of manufacturing high-quality shoes for the people in America. He recognized that the U.S. market was too much dependant on footwear imports; therefore, he started trading in these imported shoes. Eventually, the company evolved into NIKE. Over the next thirty-five years, the company expanded tremendously. Its fast growth was ba sed on a consistent and a logical strategy: â€Å"to capitalize on the importance of sports in people’s lives and to be identified with competition and victory in consumer minds† (Stanford University, 2000, p. 1).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Situated in Oregon, NIKE, was distinguishing itself as an outstanding apparel company that aimed at fulfilling the varied needs and requirements of its customers throughout the whole world. The company embraced internal collegiality and outward competitiveness in its organization culture. This initiative was largely due to the contribution of his founder, Phil Knight. Headquartered in Beaverton, Oregon, NIKE, was distinguishing itself as an outstanding apparel company that aimed at fulfilling the varied needs and requirements of its customers throughout the whole world. The company embraced internal collegiality and out ward competitiveness in its organization culture. This initiative was largely due to the contribution of his founder, Phil Knight. The company’s marketing strategy focuses on portraying it as a premium-brand that trades in stylish and luxurious sports equipment. It attracts it worldwide clients by embracing a marketing strategy based on its brand image. This is realized by having a distinguishing logo as well as the advertising slogan: â€Å"Just do it,† and it lures customers to purchase its sports equipment by establishing long-term relationships with mega stars such as Michael Jordan and Tiger Woods, and other distinguished teams around the world. In addition, its marketing mix consists of advertising, sponsoring sports events, and sponsoring celebrity athletes to use their products. Besides the controversies that surrounded its advertising campaigns, the company has proved that it is highly focused since it has paid more attention on building core corporate functio ns and expanding to other newer markets around the world. Problem Diagnosis Similar to other consumer products, the trade in sports equipment attracted several business persons who wanted to engage in ecommerce. Therefore, they wanted to make adequate use of the available opportunity in order to benefit from the advance in technology. Nike was not left behind in this new development. Originally, the nike.com website was established in late 1996 for the sole purpose of interacting with NIKE clients; there were no intentions of starting internet trading. However, in the following years, the company’s internet strategy transformed drastically. By early 1999, the company started to engage in e-commerce by launching some of its test products online and by the mid of the same year, the company had entered full-scale in e-commerce. However, as the year drew to a close, the company found itself at crossroads concerning the ambitious e-commerce initiative that it had launched at the b eginning of the year.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on NIKE – Channel conflict specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The company was experiencing a severe crisis of inequitable channel relationships that resulted in channel conflict (Lamb et al., 2009).The members within its distribution network were not agreeing in goals and methods to use for them to reach the global network of NIKE’s customers (Cullorta, Lynn, n.d.) This situation that faced the designer and manufacturer of sports equipment resulted when its traditional channel members declined to keep pace with the changing times. The advent of e-commerce had forced NIKE to make some of its products available online. The destructive horizontal channel conflict that nike.com was facing can be attributed to a variety of conditions and factors. Usually, the crisis is seen when the different channel members have clashing objectives. For instance, in thi s case, the online retailers wanted to reach as many consumers as possible with the products they were advertising on their websites. However, they were not paying attention whether the products are manufactured by NIKE or its ardent competitors. Nevertheless, Mary Kate Buckley, the general manager of nike.com, wanted the company to realize a targeted sales volume and market share within each market segment. As a result of coming up with an online strategy, NIKE embraced e-commerce which has made its chain of business relationships with other traditional retailers to scramble and become confused. Part of the reason why NOKIA is experiencing this problem can be traced to the overproduction of its products (Dahui et al., 2006; Rosenberg Stern, 1970). As the company invents newer versions of its sports equipment and transforms its marketing trend, channel clash is an inevitable consequence. Channel conflict arises when individual channel members do not accomplish their obligations so as to meet the expectations of other channel members (Hardy Magrath, 1989). For instance, some athletic footwear retailers were not abiding by the rules established by NIKE. Consequently, the quality of NIKE products was not adequately meeting the requirements of its customers. In some other situations, there was communication breakdown between the channel members, which hindered the viability of the distribution network.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Even though some minimal levels of horizontal channel conflict is beneficial for an organization, when it is managed adequately, if this problem that NIKE is facing is not sufficiently addressed, it can lead to a number undesirable outcomes (Bucklin et al., 1997; Shavit, 2007). This problem can lead to severe negative impacts on the effectiveness of the channel (Hopkinson, 1997). The different channel partners and principals’ proceeds can also feel the pinch of this problem. These undesirable outcomes may make channel partners to stir up. When the conflict is very much pronounced, it can result in reduced partner loyalty to principals. Since in this case, the delicate balance between market coverage and conflict has been lost, the resulting undesirable conflict is able to erode the satisfaction of the customers concerning the products of NIKE. This is because clients will begin experiencing unnecessary purchasing costs in a situation when they are compelled to deal with mult iple channels which are providing basically similar solutions concerning sales solutions, and as the competing channels commence on concentrating on simple methods of winning sales in a conflict situation, they would ignore other important obligations. If the problem is not addressed sufficiently, it can back into the organization. Therefore, it can begin to affect some internal measures of operating effectiveness and the ultimate success of nike.com. In a situation in which a clash affects a direct sales force resulting in decreased productivity, an organization can experience increased management costs since the sales managers will be compelled to manage by exception and their will be increased turnover since the sales representatives will start reacting to conflict (Goldkuhl, 2007). To solve this problem amicably, NIKE needs to engage the services of an external consultant. This is because the consultant will be compensated only for the work or time taken when solving the problem . This will reduce the expenses of the company since it will not have to cater for other benefits that employees enjoy such as sick leave and paid holidays. Since the consultant will not be an employee of NIKE per se, the contract can be ended any time without dire consequences like facing the feared Employment Tribunal. More so, since the consultant has adequate expertise in solving channel conflict issues, he or she will be better placed to handle the situation as compared to an ordinary employee of the company. Proposed solution for the client After discovering that destructive channel conflict poses a potential threat to the existence of NIKE, the next question appertains to the solutions that can be implemented to avert the disaster from taking place. However, before the solutions can be implemented, NIKE must take drastic action to identify which particular conflicts poses a threat to its online retailing business. This involves identifying if the channels are actually making efforts to serve the interests of its customers, and distinguishing whether the channels are in conflict or they are deriving benefits from one another (Hopkinson, 1997; Lynn Kaarst, 1999). Others are identifying the exact cause of reduction in profits since poor operations in a channel can also be a factor, and lastly assessing if the decline in one channel is able reduce its overall proceeds. Distinguishing whether channels are in conflict is important because in some situations they assist in expanding product usage or building the company’s corporate brand image. For example, NIKE’s creation of NIKETown superstores is a forward-integrated strategy, which has improved its brand awareness and reputation. Therefore, it has made the organization to have increased control over its brand image which took a lot of time and considerable effort to build. Despite the fact that the rivalry superstores initially drew back, the advent of the new store increased the returns of the company almost in every channel that it was established in. After identifying the channels that threatens its existence, NIKE will be able to distinguish the dangerous channel conflicts and adopt appropriate solutions in order to avert the possibility of a channel disaster (Eliashberg Michie, 1984; Digital River Inc., 2000). In this instance, proposed solutions include redesigning the channel structure so as to concentrate on the sports equipment being sold and the varied client needs, instituting equally agreeable and focused business objectives with the channel partners, establishing effective communication within the channels, and developing particular channel products that are not easily accessible to other channels. These proposed solutions will ultimately benefit NIKE. This is because they will ensure that its specific client’s requirements within particular channels are met, partner agreements are as clear as possible hence avoiding unnecessary clashes, and all pa rtners will be included in all the business-planning events (Lee, Lee, Larsen, 2003; Rosenbusch, 2008.). In achieving the desired outcomes, the challenges that can be experienced include, but not limited to, and some partners may be unwilling to give up the practice of discounting, some sales representatives may not be happy of the changes due to the benefits they have been getting. Additionally, some customers may have been accustomed to particular channels; therefore, the change may not go well with them. The implementation plan for these proposed solutions is scalable and flexible since it is long enough for NIKE’s clients to react positively but also short enough in order to establish some client urgency. This involves outlining strategic actions to be undertaken, giving roles and responsibilities to different people, laying down the intended completion date, laying down the projected outcomes, and assessing the impact of the solutions to be implemented (Wheeler Hirsh, 1999). The success of the solutions can be gauged through analyzing behavioral performance by the use of appropriate role audits. In addition, the channels can be evaluated on a constant basis in order to single out forewarning signs of unacceptable performance within the channels. References Bucklin et al., 1997. Channel conflict: when it is dangerous? The McKinsey Quarterly, 1(3), pp. 1-4. Cullorta, C. Lynn, F., How to tell when channel conflict is destructive white paper. Frank Lynn Associates, Inc. Web. Dahui et al., 2006. Why Do Internet Users Stick with a Specific Web Site? A Relationship Perspective. International Journal of Electronic Commerce, 4(10): pp. 105-141. Digital River Inc., 2000. Managing Channel Conflict in the Online Environment. Digital River Inc. Web. Eliashberg, J. Michie, D. A., 1984. Multiple Business Goals Sets as Determinants of Marketing Channel Conflict: An Empirical Study. Journal of Marketing Research, 21(1): pp. 75-88. Goldkuhl, L., 2007. Multiple marketing channel conflict with a focus on the Internet : a dual perspective. Lulea: Lulea University of Technology. Hardy K. G. Magrath A. J., 1989. Dealing with cheating in distribution. European Journal of Marketing, 23(2): pp.12-4. Hopkinson, G. C., 1997. Channel conflict : critical incidents or telling tales: methodologies compared. Bradford : University of Bradford Management Centre Lamb et al., 2009. Essentials of marketing. Mason Ohio: Cengage learning. Lee, Y., Lee, Z., Larsen, K. R. T., 2003. Coping with internet channel conflict. Communications-ACM, 46 (7): pp. 137-142. Lynn, M. Kaarst B., 1999. Five symbolic roles of the external consultant – Integrating change, power and symbolism. Journal of organizational change management, 12(6), pp.540-561. Rosenbusch, J., 2008. Managing channel conflict. Education channel partner. Web. Rosenberg, L. J. Stern, W. L., 1970. Toward the Analysis of Conflict in Distribution Channels: A Descriptive Model. The Journal of Market ing, 34(4): pp.40-46. Shavit, Y., 2007. How to sell technology in the IT channel. Search IT Channel. Web. Stanford University, 2000. NIKE-Channel Conflict. Graduate School of Business, Stanford University. Web. Wheeler, S. Hirsh, E., 1999. Channel champions : How leading companies build new strategies to serve customers. San Francisco, Calif.: Jossey-Bass. This essay on NIKE – Channel conflict was written and submitted by user Sonia Sutton to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Drug testing in the work place essays

Drug testing in the work place essays In almost every career job, before a new employee is hired, drug testing is administered. However many jobs stop at that point; not believing, or choosing to ignore the fact that employees may be using drugs. Random drug testing in the work place is a good practice. Although people complain that it is a violation of privacy, companies have a business to run and dont need the responsibility or the hassle of a drug addicted employee. Drugs change behavior and limit the ability to accurately complete tasks. There is also evidence that drug dependant employees use more sick leave and medical benefits than other employees. This is a cost to the employer in many different aspects. They have to pay out for medical expenses of the employee and sick absences can mean less or inadequate production for that day. No matter what the job calls for, whether its flipping burgers or working in a factory, missing people cause the company to work harder to make up for the addict whos absent. Poor judgment and impaired motor functions mean an accident-prone employee. Operating a complex piece of machinery while impaired by drugs poses serious risks to others. Would anyone want to get into a plane if they knew that their pilot had just done a hit of Acid? Acid is a hallucinogen and no one would want to fly in a plane if the pilot was seeing mountains that moved in front of the plane wherever it went . . . but really werent there. That would be a scary ride! Airline pilots, air traffic controllers, train operators, taxi drivers and bus drivers are only a few examples of occupations where even the slightest bit of drug use could be life threatening for all those involved. Factory workers are not an exception. There are huge machines in a factory that when operated by an impaired employee, could cause the loss of a limb, or even the loss of a life. An employee, who is addicted to drugs, may not be able to support...

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HCM631-0901B-01 Systems in Health Care - Phase 1 Discussion Board - Essay Example Alternative capital analysis involves assessing the various options available to raise funds for investment. This is very essential as there are a number of factors to be considered before making a decision about the source of funds. Alternative capital analysis focuses on the risks associated with each source. Also there are other non-financial factors to be considered when analyzing the sources of finance, such as ownership of the company, voting rights, decision making, etc.., In the case of Cactus Health Inc., it is essential to consider the risks associated with the capital scenarios, as the company does not have a clear risk management and there are no expenditure guidelines. Hence it is essential to choose a low risk option (Weston and Copeland, 1988). The two most appropriate capital sources for Cactus Health Inc., are Equity Shares and Debentures. As the operations of Cactus Health are diversified and there is a lot of opportunity for development, the effective way to raise additional capital is through an initial public offering and entering the stock market. An equity share represents a share of the company’s assets and a share of earnings after the claims are met. Equity shareholders are the owners of the business and have a right in the company for the percentage of shares owned by them. Also, the risk is borne by the shareholders who invest in the company. Cactus can either sell some of the existing shares or can issue new shares in order to raise some surplus finance for investing in other ventures (http://financial-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Equity+securities). Debentures are bonds issued to the investors in exchange for finance lent to the company. Cactus can borrow money in the form of debentures from the public, by agreeing to repay the sum by some future date. Also, Cactus has to pay an interest to the creditors (debenture bond holders) before paying out dividends to the shareholders. Hence, in this

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Management Research Project and Presentation The British Red Cross is a charity registered in the UK. It is the UK member of the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (the Federation), an humanitarian Movement that currently encompasses 186 territories across the world and around 97 million staff, supporters and volunteers. The British Red Cross employs 2,755 members of staff and 27,349 volunteers, and income in 2008 amounted to  £243,548,000. The 2006 Intangible Business report (2006) placed the organisation as the fifth most powerful charity brand in the UK, with its brand value topping  £108,000,000; along with an income that year of  £201,900,000. The British Red Cross places strong emphasis on its differentiation from other charities and non-governmental organisations; in particular its absolute commitment to neutrality, impartiality and independence, coupled with its emphasis on individual and community resilience. 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A similarly differentiated kit that can be used in primary schools would fill the gap identified above, as well as generating income for the organisation, reinforcing its position as a leader in first aid learning  [2]  , and fulfilling corporate objectives. This strategic plan is designed to introduce a new product (the primary first aid learning kit) to an existing market (primary school teachers). The plan includes a marketing audit and examines the current internal situation at the British Red Cross in addition to analysing the external environment in order to devise objectives, strategies, tactics and implementation targets. A SOSTAC model has been used to give a structural basis to the marketing activity. 1.3 Research Objectives To find that when an emergency strikes, they will respond. How should make people and communities more resilient by helping them prepare for and withstand disasters. How to help vulnerable people recover from health or social crises, and live with dignity and independence in their homes. How to increase the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movements impact on the lives of the most vulnerable. How to make volunteering for us the best experience money cant buy. Make sure key people and groups know what we do and why and how they can help. Method to ensure those who use our services, and who support us in other ways, trust us and have confidence in how we work. How to maximise our net income as cost-effectively as possible. Above research objectives based on the corporate objectives. These objectives can specifically mention as follows; To increase informal first aid learning by 10% in the next 3 years. This relates to research objective 2. To increase the number of first aid products sold by 10% in the next 3 years. This relates to research objectives 2 and 8. To increase knowledge and awareness of British Red Cross key first aid products and services by 20% in the next 3 years within 2 priority groups: teachers and parents. This relates to research objectives 2 and 6. 1.4 The importance of marketing research Methodology Proper marketing research is key to an organisations ability successfully launch a new product into an existing market, and in doing so to increase profit and brand equity. Within a charity context, the need to generate funds to be used to help others is a major part of the organisations activities and this aim simply cannot be realised without effective and efficient research in place. Effective marketing research can also boost the chances of bring about real social good, and making positive changes to beneficiaries lives. A well-structured research that makes use of relevant models and takes account of both internal and external factors ensures clarity and a systematic approach. Marketing research uncovers niches in the market which can be filled, highlights gaps in funding and provision and drives the organisation towards the fulfilment of its goals. The first stage of the marketing research process is to establish where the organisation is at the present time, to act as a baseline for comparisons and something on which the marketing research can build. At the heart of this situation analysis is the identification of critical success factors and distinctive competencies, which are the distilled learning from examination of the organisations strength and weaknesses, and the opportunities and threats it faces  [3]  . Using these key pieces of information, the marketer can allocate resources to ensure that wherever possible strengths are boosted, weaknesses overcome, opportunities are taken and threats neutralised. A key part of the marketing research process is identifying customer needs and wants, and profitable ways of satisfying them. Without this information, the organisation is left creating products and services about which it has no idea of demand. Part of gathering this type of data is competitor analysis, which can provide valuable insights into the market as well as flagging up potential areas of overlap and areas which would not prove profitable. Effective marketing research also combats wastage through efficient use of resources. Using models such as the Value Chain Analysis highlights areas where savings can be made and processes tightened in order to maximise value and deliver a larger profit margin. In the example of the British Red Cross, use of the Value Chain Analysis showed that the margin could be increased by improving the efficiency of inbound logistics  [4]  . Wastage can also be combated through the examination of potential changes to internal and external environments, and building proactive mitigating factors to negative change and ways to take advantage of positive change into the plan is key. It is necessary to conduct survey to collect all information. They can use questionnaire in print format as well as in e-format (online questionnaire). Through the existing welfare societies can distribute the questionnaire. Then should collect and properly analyse the entire research findings. Also company can conduct other primary research methods such as in-depth interviews and focus group discussions. In this report analysis I have taken most of the secondary sources. 1.5 Literature Review A marketing research is a starting point from which the organisation can begin to look forward, fill gaps and plan activities. In the words of Dibb et al (2005): A marketing audit is a systematic examination of the marketing functions objectives, strategies, programmes, organisation and performance. Without this methodically obtained baseline, the organisation has no way of evaluating either where it has come from or where it is going. Factors affecting the organisation must be identified, potential changes considered and prepared for, and the reliability and validity of information should be rigorously interrogated. This requires considerable research on the part of the marketing team, and is of vital importance. Situation analysis should form a regular part of a marketing departments work in order for it to adapt to both internal and external changes in the environment. 1.5.1 Internal factors The organisation has control over its internal environment, and as such it is important to examine internal factors closely. Data must be gathered, both current and historical, as well as think pieces examining future plans. Reliability of information should also be considered minutes of meetings may not always be accurate and staff and volunteers may not always be scrupulously honest in workforce surveys. In addition, some data may not be available, either due to confidentiality, poor record keeping or lack of budget. Organisational strengths and weaknesses should be taken into account, and potential internal changes considered. 1.5.2 7Ps and 7Ss Booms and Bitners 7P and McKinseys 7S models have been employed to identify and analyse the internal factors affecting the British Red Cross  [5]  . Both models are key tools in the marketing analysis. Used correctly and in conjunction with the external analyses, the information they uncover forms the basis on which the entire marketing plan rests. By examining the strengths and weaknesses of each P and each S, the marketing team can evaluate the organisation, taking a snapshot of the current situation which will allow for planning to increase positive aspects and reduce negatives. It also enables the marketing team to consider the perspectives of the organisations stakeholders, all of whom are key to success. Both the 7P and 7S models are key tools in the marketing analysis which, when used correctly, uncover information that forms the basis for building a sound marketing plan. For example, in the case of the British Red Cross these models identified the strengths of the organis ations positive brand association, which will play a key role in the positioning of the first aid education kit, but also highlighted a weakness of product differentiation, which the kit will go some way towards addressing. 1.5.3 BCG matrix As a large organisation the British Red Cross undertakes many different activities and provides hundreds of products and services. The products and services from the first aid services strategic business unit have particular potential to affect the activity surrounding the primary first aid marketing kit, and it is important to map each of these in order to generate future strategy. To do this, and to examine the potential placement of the kit within the context of the strategic business unit, the Boston Consultancy Groups portfolio analysis matrix was employed  [6]  . This identified that the majority of the units output are cash cows, and the minority are dogs, highlighting that good levels of profit are coming in and resource investment is fairly low. The matrix suggests that resource capacity from the cash cows can be used to grow the kit from a question mark to a star. The matrix has also shown up areas of the units work of which it would seem prudent to divest itself in ord er to reinvest resources. 1.5.4 PLC Along with the BCG matrix, the product life cycle is also extremely useful tool in indicating to the marketing team the level of resourcing a product requires now, and the likely stages it will go through if a good marketing plan is well executed  [7]  . This model identifies the products growth stage, with each stage requiring different levels of resource investment and different activity. As the kit is currently in research and development it requires great investment of time and money and cannot yet make a profit. 1.5.5 Value chain analysis Porters value chain analysis examines the primary and secondary activities undertaken by the organisation  [8]  . The model demands a thorough interrogation of the organisations work, which is split into activities which can directly affect income (primary) and activities which support income affecting activities (secondary). By undertaking this process, the marketing team can identify areas where value to can be added and a competitive advantage created in order to maximise profit. In the case of the British Red Cross, there is already a good level of value within the system, but some activities were identified which could benefit from modification. 1.5.6 Distinctive competencies The distinctive competencies of an organisation are derived from close investigation into its internal environment and the strengths and weaknesses therein. The competencies identify the core skills and superior qualities of the organisation which differentiate it and can confer competitive advantage. They are the culmination of the internal situation analysis and identify priority areas which can be leveraged to gain success. In the case of the British Red Cross, 3 distinctive competencies were identified, and played an important part in informing the marketing plan  [9]  . Internal change is slow within such a large organisation and so it is unlikely that the competencies will change dramatically within the life of the marketing plan. The reason for this is in part due to the organisational culture and ways of working and in part due to the immutable founding principles of the organisation. For example, unless a catastrophic event occurs to the organisation and the comprehensive crisis management plan is not implemented, it is unlikely that the positive brand equity could be destroyed within the timeframe of the marketing plan. In addition, the organisation employs a brand management department which works solely to enhance and protect the organisations position. Written into the organisations five year strategy is are objectives concerning emergency response and first aid, which guarantee investment and highlight the importance placed on these areas. Again, it is highly unlikely that the organisation will change these priorities and nullify this disti nctive competency. As regards the need to further differentiate products and services, such a large and slow-moving organisation as the British Red Cross will take time to do this, and the activities outlined in the marketing should go some way to achieving this goal. 1.5.7 External factors In addition to the internal environment, over which the organisation has control, there are two external environments, the micro and the macro. Data must be collected for both of these environments, and examined as closely as that from inside the organisation. Articles in the media, competitor reports and accounts, conversations with counterparts, and political details should be studied, as well as social and cultural practices within the products target market. Again, the validity of data should be closely questioned, as an element of bias is likely to appear in most media and political reports, and competitors and counterparts will always attempt to show their own organisation in a positive light. Research into and analysis of the external environment also enables the marketing team to consider their organisation from the perspective of a customer, competitor or supplier. In order to be fully informed about the total environment into which the primary first aid learning kit is to b e launched, it is vital that as many issues which may affect it as possible are known, so that positive action can be taken and pitfalls avoided. The micro-environment The micro-environment consists of external factors which are fairly close to the organisation, and which it may be able to influence in some way. By using a SPICC analysis  [10]  to consider those groups who are closest to the organisation, the marketing team can plan ways in which to positively affect them. Porters five forces analysis  [11]  is another useful model and considers risk from the external environment in order to prompt thinking on mitigating loss and maximising gain to the organisation. The macro-environment The macro-environment is much less close and it is far less possible for the organisation to effect changes in this area. Nevertheless, it is still extremely important for the organisation to be aware of features which may impact on its profitability, brand and its ability to meet its objectives. Special consideration should be given to factors that are most likely to bring about change and those which would have the largest impact on the organisation. The PESTEL model enables a high level analysis into this environment, and gives insight in the decline or growth of a particular market and the position of competitors, as well as suggesting avenues for exploration  [12]  . 1.5.8 Critical Success Factors In identifying and interrogating the opportunities and threats uncovered by the micro and macro environment, the marketing team can identify the organisations critical success factors those features which are essential to ensuring the organisation succeeds in its endeavours. Along with the distinctive competencies, these factors require the greatest attention from the organisation if it is to flourish. In the case of the British Red Cross, 3 critical success factors were identified, and these play a key role in the marketing plan  [13]  . Task Two 2.1 Organisational Objectives Over 120,000 people undertake a first aid training course with the British Red Cross each year, but to really begin to embed community resilience, we need to increase the number of people accessing first aid learning through more informal means (learning tips online, using a learning kit at school, etc.). With the current economic downturn it is important to diversify income streams, to mitigate against a reduction in donations from individuals. An increase of 10% in first aid product sales would result in further funds for the organisation to put back into its charitable activities, as well as increasing the resilience capability of the general public. It would also assist in meeting the target of a 10% increase in income from the overall trading stream. As shown above, in 2009 only 50% of the general public felt the British Red Cross products and services stood out clearly. To build resilience, we need to make sure our offers are differentiated. Teachers and parents are key audiences in the community, and by increasing their knowledge of what we offer, we can gain access to children and young people the life-savers of tomorrow. 2.2 Marketing strategy 2.2.1 Growth strategy Ansoffs matrix  [14]  provides a framework for identifying the most appropriate growth strategy in order to fulfil the functional marketing objectives and reach the sales objective. Applying the matrix, having examined the planning gap analysis and objectives, showed that a product development growth strategy is most appropriate to use in this situation. This supports the posited idea to launch a primary first aid learning kit. Gaps in the first aid services portfolio have been identified, and the British Red Cross already has a strong brand and a good reputation in this field both in terms of quality and value, and in terms of expertise  [15]  . The British Red Cross already has good links with teachers in primary schools, following years of first aid education training, and this knowledge and contact data will optimise success. The existing market for first aid products and services is still viable (which rules out a market development strategy), as one of the distinctive competencies discussed above highlighted that British Red Cross products and services are not yet fully differentiated, and situation analysis research showed that general public awareness of products and services was only 50%. A product development strategy is also of only medium risk as an organisation the British Red Cross does not undertake high risk growth strategies, and prefers to build on accrued knowledge and experience in known markets, as it will be able to do with the primary first aid learning kit. A diversification strategy would be too high risk for the organisation, and a market penetration strategy for the new kit would not be possible. 2.2.2 Competitive strategy In order to support the growth strategy, a method of maintaining competitive edge is needed, and this has been determined using Porters generic strategies model. Having examined the factors discussed above and in the appendices, the most appropriate competitive strategy for this situation is a focus or market segmentation strategy. As a charity, the British Red Cross finds it difficult to compete on cost, and as it is not a hugely fast-moving organisation it cannot regularly innovate. Many of its products and services are designed for very specific audiences and are generally of a specialised nature. There is some competition in the first aid services market, but the number of competitors is low and there are identified gaps in the market one of which is the primary first aid learning kit  [16]  . 2.2.3 Segmentation, target and positioning Within the British Red Cross first aid services strategic business unit are a large number of products and services  [17]  . However, this marketing plan is concerned only with the launch of a new primary first aid learning kit, and as such the segmentation, targeting and positioning data will apply only to the kit. Segmentation Geographical segmentation: UK Chosen because the primary first aid learning kit is designed to work with the national curricula across the UK. This segment cannot be reduced further as the aim is to reach as many children as possible, regardless of their location. Demographical segmentation: Male and female adults who regularly work with groups of young people aged 5 11 years old and who have access to physical learning spaces (schools, village halls, scout huts, etc.) and available funds in excess of  £500 per year. These were chosen as customers will already be working with young people those not working in this field will have no interest in the product. The customers will need space to work in when using the kit, and will be aware of this before they buy. They will need a budget in excess of  £500, as although the kit is will cost significantly less than this, it is unlikely that those on smaller budgets will feel able to spend money on anything other than very basic materials which this kit is not. These segmentation criteria suggest the following segments to target: primary school teachers, youth group leaders, parents of large families. Target Teachers will be the prime segment which British Red Cross first aid services will target. This is for the following reasons: The British Red Cross has a good strategic fit with schools and teachers, as both are concerned with education and positive behaviours. There are many ways to reach teachers, both at school and externally. It is likely to become law for first aid to be taught in schools, which will boost teachers interest in the kit and drive sales. The primary first aid learning kit will be designed to work with school curricula, which will also increase teachers interest. Teachers have budget available to buy specific learning materials, especially those which form part of the national curricula. The British Red Cross first aid services team already have good links with primary school teachers. Parents of large families were discounted, as they operate in a far more informal way than the kit requires its a formal learning tool. Youth group leaders were discounted as they are more difficult to reach, are likely to have less disposable budget, and the British Red Cross has fewer links with them. The types of schools at which the teachers teach have not been discussed, as although public and private schools are likely to have more disposable income, they are not affected by national curricula requirements so are no more or less likely to buy it than state schools. Although state schools have less money they must follow the requirements of the national curricula. This money/curricula equation therefore cancels out any potential advantages of choosing one type of school teacher over another. According to the latest available data from the Department of Children, Schools and Families (2002), there are around 207,460 primary school teachers in the UK, working at 22,000 primary schools. Positioning Teachers of children aged 5 11 years old are typically very busy, have minimal time to research new products and services, are extremely aware of price, quality and accuracy, want to use materials which give their pupils the best chance of success, want to fulfil their obligations under the national curricula, and place high value on organisations which behave responsibly and make their lives easier. This suggests that the primary first aid kit must be positioned as excellent value for money and created by an expert, trustworthy organisation. It must be shown to be a high quality product thats easy to get hold of, easy to use and gives pupils a solid, accurate, practical and engaging insight in the material. The services surrounding the kit must be also be positioned as easy, quick and trustworthy. The design of the materials should echo these points. The kit will sit within the branded quality product category it is brand new and unique, good value for money and, due to its niche market, will only be available through a few sales outlets (by phone, online or mail order, due to the unique way the British Red Cross is permitted to sell its materials  [18]  ). This fits with the focus competitive strategy discussed above. 2.3 Marketing Mix 2.3.1 Product The primary first aid learning kit is a predominantly tangible entity, surrounded by layers of intangible services. The core product is the tangible first aid learning kit, which fulfils teachers need to educate their pupils in first aid. The second product, or first value added layer, consists of the products design and packaging (which will encourage sales by being clear, simple, professional and practical), its clearly signposted curriculum links (which will show customers exactly how the product will benefit them and their pupils), the British Red Cross brand with which its associated (which is well known and trusted), the multimedia taster materials available in advance of purchase (which, again, will highlight the positive aspects of the kit whilst at the same time engendering goodwill for providing some free materials), the quick and easy ways to buy the kit (which will make it easier for the customers to buy it, as we know how time-pressed they are), and the quick and easy de livery promises (which, again, will encourage customers who have not had much chance to order materials far in advance). The aim of all this is to add value to the core product and drive sales. 2.3.2 Price The pricing strategy of the primary first aid learning kit will is linked to the value which customers place on the satisfaction of their need to teach first aid to 5 11 year olds. This means an examination of the highest value the customer would pay and the lowest cost the British Red Cross can sell it for is necessary. 2.3.3 Place The British Red Cross model of distribution is direct it does not use intermediaries such as wholesalers or retailers. This is positive in that it allows for a high level of control, good customer relationship management, the brand is protected and low marginal cost. Inversely, this model has high set-up costs, its a time-consuming process, market reach is limited, brand equity cant be increased through piggybacking and costs cannot be passed on to intermediaries. 2.3.4 Promotion Using the DRIP  [19]  analysis, the objectives for the primary first aid learning kit during each stage of the product life cycle, and the percentage of resources allocated are as follows: Introduction stage Growth stage Maturity stage Decline stage Differentiation Secondary objective (35% of resources) Secondary objective (30% of resources) Tertiary objective (15% of resources) Tertiary objective (8% of resources) Reinforcement Quaternary objective (5% of resources) Quaternary objective (5% of resources) Secondary objective (20% of resources) Secondary objective (10% of resources) Informing Main objective (50% of resources) Tertiary objective (25 % of resources) Quaternary objective (10% of resources) Quaternary objective (2% of resources) Persuading Tertiary objective (10% of resources) Main objective (40% of resources) Main objective (55% of resources) Main objective (80% of resources) 2.3.5 Extended marketing mix The extended marketing mix of people, process and physical evidence can be used to overcome the limitations of the kit (particularly those associated with its service layers), as well as the first 4 Ps discussed above. The limitations in question are: Intangibility: The kit itself along with its packaging is tangible, which limits the issue of intangibility, but by providing documents to support the intangible services associated with it (such as the 5 year guarantee and curriculum signposting), this can be limited further. The free first aid learning support could be formalised i