Management Research Project and Presentation

Management Research Project and Presentation The British Red Cross is a charity registered in the UK. It is the UK member of the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (the Federation), an humanitarian Movement that currently encompasses 186 territories across the world and around 97 million staff, supporters and volunteers. The British Red Cross employs 2,755 members of staff and 27,349 volunteers, and income in 2008 amounted to  £243,548,000. The 2006 Intangible Business report (2006) placed the organisation as the fifth most powerful charity brand in the UK, with its brand value topping  £108,000,000; along with an income that year of  £201,900,000. The British Red Cross places strong emphasis on its differentiation from other charities and non-governmental organisations; in particular its absolute commitment to neutrality, impartiality and independence, coupled with its emphasis on individual and community resilience. These give the brand a competitive advantage above others in the sector. The first aid services business unit (the department in question for this marketing plan) forms part of the income from generating fund (trading) work stream, and is concerned with teaching first aid and selling first aid products. The first aid services departments customer base is non-commercial groups, such as schools, clubs, societies, other charities and support organisations. 1.2 Research Problem The focus of the organisation as a whole is on the creation of a society in which all are empowered to prepare for, withstand and recover from emergencies on whatever scale they occur from dealing with a cut finger to managing a major disaster. The organisation has realised that service levels should be improved and enhance the charity activities. The British Red Cross already works closely with primary schools teachers, and has developed a first aid learning resource for secondary schools  [1]  . A similarly differentiated kit that can be used in primary schools would fill the gap identified above, as well as generating income for the organisation, reinforcing its position as a leader in first aid learning  [2]  , and fulfilling corporate objectives. This strategic plan is designed to introduce a new product (the primary first aid learning kit) to an existing market (primary school teachers). The plan includes a marketing audit and examines the current internal situation at the British Red Cross in addition to analysing the external environment in order to devise objectives, strategies, tactics and implementation targets. A SOSTAC model has been used to give a structural basis to the marketing activity. 1.3 Research Objectives To find that when an emergency strikes, they will respond. How should make people and communities more resilient by helping them prepare for and withstand disasters. How to help vulnerable people recover from health or social crises, and live with dignity and independence in their homes. How to increase the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movements impact on the lives of the most vulnerable. How to make volunteering for us the best experience money cant buy. Make sure key people and groups know what we do and why and how they can help. Method to ensure those who use our services, and who support us in other ways, trust us and have confidence in how we work. How to maximise our net income as cost-effectively as possible. Above research objectives based on the corporate objectives. These objectives can specifically mention as follows; To increase informal first aid learning by 10% in the next 3 years. This relates to research objective 2. To increase the number of first aid products sold by 10% in the next 3 years. This relates to research objectives 2 and 8. To increase knowledge and awareness of British Red Cross key first aid products and services by 20% in the next 3 years within 2 priority groups: teachers and parents. This relates to research objectives 2 and 6. 1.4 The importance of marketing research Methodology Proper marketing research is key to an organisations ability successfully launch a new product into an existing market, and in doing so to increase profit and brand equity. Within a charity context, the need to generate funds to be used to help others is a major part of the organisations activities and this aim simply cannot be realised without effective and efficient research in place. Effective marketing research can also boost the chances of bring about real social good, and making positive changes to beneficiaries lives. A well-structured research that makes use of relevant models and takes account of both internal and external factors ensures clarity and a systematic approach. Marketing research uncovers niches in the market which can be filled, highlights gaps in funding and provision and drives the organisation towards the fulfilment of its goals. The first stage of the marketing research process is to establish where the organisation is at the present time, to act as a baseline for comparisons and something on which the marketing research can build. At the heart of this situation analysis is the identification of critical success factors and distinctive competencies, which are the distilled learning from examination of the organisations strength and weaknesses, and the opportunities and threats it faces  [3]  . Using these key pieces of information, the marketer can allocate resources to ensure that wherever possible strengths are boosted, weaknesses overcome, opportunities are taken and threats neutralised. A key part of the marketing research process is identifying customer needs and wants, and profitable ways of satisfying them. Without this information, the organisation is left creating products and services about which it has no idea of demand. Part of gathering this type of data is competitor analysis, which can provide valuable insights into the market as well as flagging up potential areas of overlap and areas which would not prove profitable. Effective marketing research also combats wastage through efficient use of resources. Using models such as the Value Chain Analysis highlights areas where savings can be made and processes tightened in order to maximise value and deliver a larger profit margin. In the example of the British Red Cross, use of the Value Chain Analysis showed that the margin could be increased by improving the efficiency of inbound logistics  [4]  . Wastage can also be combated through the examination of potential changes to internal and external environments, and building proactive mitigating factors to negative change and ways to take advantage of positive change into the plan is key. It is necessary to conduct survey to collect all information. They can use questionnaire in print format as well as in e-format (online questionnaire). Through the existing welfare societies can distribute the questionnaire. Then should collect and properly analyse the entire research findings. Also company can conduct other primary research methods such as in-depth interviews and focus group discussions. In this report analysis I have taken most of the secondary sources. 1.5 Literature Review A marketing research is a starting point from which the organisation can begin to look forward, fill gaps and plan activities. In the words of Dibb et al (2005): A marketing audit is a systematic examination of the marketing functions objectives, strategies, programmes, organisation and performance. Without this methodically obtained baseline, the organisation has no way of evaluating either where it has come from or where it is going. Factors affecting the organisation must be identified, potential changes considered and prepared for, and the reliability and validity of information should be rigorously interrogated. This requires considerable research on the part of the marketing team, and is of vital importance. Situation analysis should form a regular part of a marketing departments work in order for it to adapt to both internal and external changes in the environment. 1.5.1 Internal factors The organisation has control over its internal environment, and as such it is important to examine internal factors closely. Data must be gathered, both current and historical, as well as think pieces examining future plans. Reliability of information should also be considered minutes of meetings may not always be accurate and staff and volunteers may not always be scrupulously honest in workforce surveys. In addition, some data may not be available, either due to confidentiality, poor record keeping or lack of budget. Organisational strengths and weaknesses should be taken into account, and potential internal changes considered. 1.5.2 7Ps and 7Ss Booms and Bitners 7P and McKinseys 7S models have been employed to identify and analyse the internal factors affecting the British Red Cross  [5]  . Both models are key tools in the marketing analysis. Used correctly and in conjunction with the external analyses, the information they uncover forms the basis on which the entire marketing plan rests. By examining the strengths and weaknesses of each P and each S, the marketing team can evaluate the organisation, taking a snapshot of the current situation which will allow for planning to increase positive aspects and reduce negatives. It also enables the marketing team to consider the perspectives of the organisations stakeholders, all of whom are key to success. Both the 7P and 7S models are key tools in the marketing analysis which, when used correctly, uncover information that forms the basis for building a sound marketing plan. For example, in the case of the British Red Cross these models identified the strengths of the organis ations positive brand association, which will play a key role in the positioning of the first aid education kit, but also highlighted a weakness of product differentiation, which the kit will go some way towards addressing. 1.5.3 BCG matrix As a large organisation the British Red Cross undertakes many different activities and provides hundreds of products and services. The products and services from the first aid services strategic business unit have particular potential to affect the activity surrounding the primary first aid marketing kit, and it is important to map each of these in order to generate future strategy. To do this, and to examine the potential placement of the kit within the context of the strategic business unit, the Boston Consultancy Groups portfolio analysis matrix was employed  [6]  . This identified that the majority of the units output are cash cows, and the minority are dogs, highlighting that good levels of profit are coming in and resource investment is fairly low. The matrix suggests that resource capacity from the cash cows can be used to grow the kit from a question mark to a star. The matrix has also shown up areas of the units work of which it would seem prudent to divest itself in ord er to reinvest resources. 1.5.4 PLC Along with the BCG matrix, the product life cycle is also extremely useful tool in indicating to the marketing team the level of resourcing a product requires now, and the likely stages it will go through if a good marketing plan is well executed  [7]  . This model identifies the products growth stage, with each stage requiring different levels of resource investment and different activity. As the kit is currently in research and development it requires great investment of time and money and cannot yet make a profit. 1.5.5 Value chain analysis Porters value chain analysis examines the primary and secondary activities undertaken by the organisation  [8]  . The model demands a thorough interrogation of the organisations work, which is split into activities which can directly affect income (primary) and activities which support income affecting activities (secondary). By undertaking this process, the marketing team can identify areas where value to can be added and a competitive advantage created in order to maximise profit. In the case of the British Red Cross, there is already a good level of value within the system, but some activities were identified which could benefit from modification. 1.5.6 Distinctive competencies The distinctive competencies of an organisation are derived from close investigation into its internal environment and the strengths and weaknesses therein. The competencies identify the core skills and superior qualities of the organisation which differentiate it and can confer competitive advantage. They are the culmination of the internal situation analysis and identify priority areas which can be leveraged to gain success. In the case of the British Red Cross, 3 distinctive competencies were identified, and played an important part in informing the marketing plan  [9]  . Internal change is slow within such a large organisation and so it is unlikely that the competencies will change dramatically within the life of the marketing plan. The reason for this is in part due to the organisational culture and ways of working and in part due to the immutable founding principles of the organisation. For example, unless a catastrophic event occurs to the organisation and the comprehensive crisis management plan is not implemented, it is unlikely that the positive brand equity could be destroyed within the timeframe of the marketing plan. In addition, the organisation employs a brand management department which works solely to enhance and protect the organisations position. Written into the organisations five year strategy is are objectives concerning emergency response and first aid, which guarantee investment and highlight the importance placed on these areas. Again, it is highly unlikely that the organisation will change these priorities and nullify this disti nctive competency. As regards the need to further differentiate products and services, such a large and slow-moving organisation as the British Red Cross will take time to do this, and the activities outlined in the marketing should go some way to achieving this goal. 1.5.7 External factors In addition to the internal environment, over which the organisation has control, there are two external environments, the micro and the macro. Data must be collected for both of these environments, and examined as closely as that from inside the organisation. Articles in the media, competitor reports and accounts, conversations with counterparts, and political details should be studied, as well as social and cultural practices within the products target market. Again, the validity of data should be closely questioned, as an element of bias is likely to appear in most media and political reports, and competitors and counterparts will always attempt to show their own organisation in a positive light. Research into and analysis of the external environment also enables the marketing team to consider their organisation from the perspective of a customer, competitor or supplier. In order to be fully informed about the total environment into which the primary first aid learning kit is to b e launched, it is vital that as many issues which may affect it as possible are known, so that positive action can be taken and pitfalls avoided. The micro-environment The micro-environment consists of external factors which are fairly close to the organisation, and which it may be able to influence in some way. By using a SPICC analysis  [10]  to consider those groups who are closest to the organisation, the marketing team can plan ways in which to positively affect them. Porters five forces analysis  [11]  is another useful model and considers risk from the external environment in order to prompt thinking on mitigating loss and maximising gain to the organisation. The macro-environment The macro-environment is much less close and it is far less possible for the organisation to effect changes in this area. Nevertheless, it is still extremely important for the organisation to be aware of features which may impact on its profitability, brand and its ability to meet its objectives. Special consideration should be given to factors that are most likely to bring about change and those which would have the largest impact on the organisation. The PESTEL model enables a high level analysis into this environment, and gives insight in the decline or growth of a particular market and the position of competitors, as well as suggesting avenues for exploration  [12]  . 1.5.8 Critical Success Factors In identifying and interrogating the opportunities and threats uncovered by the micro and macro environment, the marketing team can identify the organisations critical success factors those features which are essential to ensuring the organisation succeeds in its endeavours. Along with the distinctive competencies, these factors require the greatest attention from the organisation if it is to flourish. In the case of the British Red Cross, 3 critical success factors were identified, and these play a key role in the marketing plan  [13]  . Task Two 2.1 Organisational Objectives Over 120,000 people undertake a first aid training course with the British Red Cross each year, but to really begin to embed community resilience, we need to increase the number of people accessing first aid learning through more informal means (learning tips online, using a learning kit at school, etc.). With the current economic downturn it is important to diversify income streams, to mitigate against a reduction in donations from individuals. An increase of 10% in first aid product sales would result in further funds for the organisation to put back into its charitable activities, as well as increasing the resilience capability of the general public. It would also assist in meeting the target of a 10% increase in income from the overall trading stream. As shown above, in 2009 only 50% of the general public felt the British Red Cross products and services stood out clearly. To build resilience, we need to make sure our offers are differentiated. Teachers and parents are key audiences in the community, and by increasing their knowledge of what we offer, we can gain access to children and young people the life-savers of tomorrow. 2.2 Marketing strategy 2.2.1 Growth strategy Ansoffs matrix  [14]  provides a framework for identifying the most appropriate growth strategy in order to fulfil the functional marketing objectives and reach the sales objective. Applying the matrix, having examined the planning gap analysis and objectives, showed that a product development growth strategy is most appropriate to use in this situation. This supports the posited idea to launch a primary first aid learning kit. Gaps in the first aid services portfolio have been identified, and the British Red Cross already has a strong brand and a good reputation in this field both in terms of quality and value, and in terms of expertise  [15]  . The British Red Cross already has good links with teachers in primary schools, following years of first aid education training, and this knowledge and contact data will optimise success. The existing market for first aid products and services is still viable (which rules out a market development strategy), as one of the distinctive competencies discussed above highlighted that British Red Cross products and services are not yet fully differentiated, and situation analysis research showed that general public awareness of products and services was only 50%. A product development strategy is also of only medium risk as an organisation the British Red Cross does not undertake high risk growth strategies, and prefers to build on accrued knowledge and experience in known markets, as it will be able to do with the primary first aid learning kit. A diversification strategy would be too high risk for the organisation, and a market penetration strategy for the new kit would not be possible. 2.2.2 Competitive strategy In order to support the growth strategy, a method of maintaining competitive edge is needed, and this has been determined using Porters generic strategies model. Having examined the factors discussed above and in the appendices, the most appropriate competitive strategy for this situation is a focus or market segmentation strategy. As a charity, the British Red Cross finds it difficult to compete on cost, and as it is not a hugely fast-moving organisation it cannot regularly innovate. Many of its products and services are designed for very specific audiences and are generally of a specialised nature. There is some competition in the first aid services market, but the number of competitors is low and there are identified gaps in the market one of which is the primary first aid learning kit  [16]  . 2.2.3 Segmentation, target and positioning Within the British Red Cross first aid services strategic business unit are a large number of products and services  [17]  . However, this marketing plan is concerned only with the launch of a new primary first aid learning kit, and as such the segmentation, targeting and positioning data will apply only to the kit. Segmentation Geographical segmentation: UK Chosen because the primary first aid learning kit is designed to work with the national curricula across the UK. This segment cannot be reduced further as the aim is to reach as many children as possible, regardless of their location. Demographical segmentation: Male and female adults who regularly work with groups of young people aged 5 11 years old and who have access to physical learning spaces (schools, village halls, scout huts, etc.) and available funds in excess of  £500 per year. These were chosen as customers will already be working with young people those not working in this field will have no interest in the product. The customers will need space to work in when using the kit, and will be aware of this before they buy. They will need a budget in excess of  £500, as although the kit is will cost significantly less than this, it is unlikely that those on smaller budgets will feel able to spend money on anything other than very basic materials which this kit is not. These segmentation criteria suggest the following segments to target: primary school teachers, youth group leaders, parents of large families. Target Teachers will be the prime segment which British Red Cross first aid services will target. This is for the following reasons: The British Red Cross has a good strategic fit with schools and teachers, as both are concerned with education and positive behaviours. There are many ways to reach teachers, both at school and externally. It is likely to become law for first aid to be taught in schools, which will boost teachers interest in the kit and drive sales. The primary first aid learning kit will be designed to work with school curricula, which will also increase teachers interest. Teachers have budget available to buy specific learning materials, especially those which form part of the national curricula. The British Red Cross first aid services team already have good links with primary school teachers. Parents of large families were discounted, as they operate in a far more informal way than the kit requires its a formal learning tool. Youth group leaders were discounted as they are more difficult to reach, are likely to have less disposable budget, and the British Red Cross has fewer links with them. The types of schools at which the teachers teach have not been discussed, as although public and private schools are likely to have more disposable income, they are not affected by national curricula requirements so are no more or less likely to buy it than state schools. Although state schools have less money they must follow the requirements of the national curricula. This money/curricula equation therefore cancels out any potential advantages of choosing one type of school teacher over another. According to the latest available data from the Department of Children, Schools and Families (2002), there are around 207,460 primary school teachers in the UK, working at 22,000 primary schools. Positioning Teachers of children aged 5 11 years old are typically very busy, have minimal time to research new products and services, are extremely aware of price, quality and accuracy, want to use materials which give their pupils the best chance of success, want to fulfil their obligations under the national curricula, and place high value on organisations which behave responsibly and make their lives easier. This suggests that the primary first aid kit must be positioned as excellent value for money and created by an expert, trustworthy organisation. It must be shown to be a high quality product thats easy to get hold of, easy to use and gives pupils a solid, accurate, practical and engaging insight in the material. The services surrounding the kit must be also be positioned as easy, quick and trustworthy. The design of the materials should echo these points. The kit will sit within the branded quality product category it is brand new and unique, good value for money and, due to its niche market, will only be available through a few sales outlets (by phone, online or mail order, due to the unique way the British Red Cross is permitted to sell its materials  [18]  ). This fits with the focus competitive strategy discussed above. 2.3 Marketing Mix 2.3.1 Product The primary first aid learning kit is a predominantly tangible entity, surrounded by layers of intangible services. The core product is the tangible first aid learning kit, which fulfils teachers need to educate their pupils in first aid. The second product, or first value added layer, consists of the products design and packaging (which will encourage sales by being clear, simple, professional and practical), its clearly signposted curriculum links (which will show customers exactly how the product will benefit them and their pupils), the British Red Cross brand with which its associated (which is well known and trusted), the multimedia taster materials available in advance of purchase (which, again, will highlight the positive aspects of the kit whilst at the same time engendering goodwill for providing some free materials), the quick and easy ways to buy the kit (which will make it easier for the customers to buy it, as we know how time-pressed they are), and the quick and easy de livery promises (which, again, will encourage customers who have not had much chance to order materials far in advance). The aim of all this is to add value to the core product and drive sales. 2.3.2 Price The pricing strategy of the primary first aid learning kit will is linked to the value which customers place on the satisfaction of their need to teach first aid to 5 11 year olds. This means an examination of the highest value the customer would pay and the lowest cost the British Red Cross can sell it for is necessary. 2.3.3 Place The British Red Cross model of distribution is direct it does not use intermediaries such as wholesalers or retailers. This is positive in that it allows for a high level of control, good customer relationship management, the brand is protected and low marginal cost. Inversely, this model has high set-up costs, its a time-consuming process, market reach is limited, brand equity cant be increased through piggybacking and costs cannot be passed on to intermediaries. 2.3.4 Promotion Using the DRIP  [19]  analysis, the objectives for the primary first aid learning kit during each stage of the product life cycle, and the percentage of resources allocated are as follows: Introduction stage Growth stage Maturity stage Decline stage Differentiation Secondary objective (35% of resources) Secondary objective (30% of resources) Tertiary objective (15% of resources) Tertiary objective (8% of resources) Reinforcement Quaternary objective (5% of resources) Quaternary objective (5% of resources) Secondary objective (20% of resources) Secondary objective (10% of resources) Informing Main objective (50% of resources) Tertiary objective (25 % of resources) Quaternary objective (10% of resources) Quaternary objective (2% of resources) Persuading Tertiary objective (10% of resources) Main objective (40% of resources) Main objective (55% of resources) Main objective (80% of resources) 2.3.5 Extended marketing mix The extended marketing mix of people, process and physical evidence can be used to overcome the limitations of the kit (particularly those associated with its service layers), as well as the first 4 Ps discussed above. The limitations in question are: Intangibility: The kit itself along with its packaging is tangible, which limits the issue of intangibility, but by providing documents to support the intangible services associated with it (such as the 5 year guarantee and curriculum signposting), this can be limited further. The free first aid learning support could be formalised i

Baby Bonus Scheme In Singapore Health And Social Care Essay

Many developed states face the challenge of quickly diminishing birthrate rates. One illustration of such is Singapore. Assorted attacks have been taken to seek to change by reversal this tendency, but with limited success. A major policy implemented in 2001 was baby bonus strategy. The chief end of this survey is to analyse the impact of babe fillip towards TFR and the position of the future coevals with respects to pamper bonus strategy. Primary and secondary informations were used to analyse the impact of the babe fillip. Secondary information was taken from the authorities records. In this survey, a study was conducted to place the position of immature coevals towards baby fillip. The sample was chosen by convenient sampling. Our findings show that from 2001 to 2010 babe fillip appeared to be less effectual because the TFR is still diminishing. However, it did assist in decelerating down the lessening. From the study consequence, we expect that baby fillip policy is improbable to hold a important impact on impacting the TFR in the hereafter. Based on our research, one possible suggestion to rectify the job of low TFR could be the authorities concentrating more on taking attention of the lodging and wellness facets of its people.1. IntroductionFor the last few old ages, aging population has been one of the chief concerns faced by several developed states. British Columbia is one of the states that faced an aging population. Much research was conducted in this state to work out the job. It was revealed that the chief cause of this state of affairs is the worsening of birthrate rate over decennaries [ 1 ] . Entire Fertility Rate ( TFR ) is defined as the figure of kids an mean adult female would hold presuming that she lives her full generative life-time [ 2 ] . Considered as a developed state, Singapore has besides faced a serious job of worsening TFR. With TFR of 1.16 in 2010 [ 3 ] , Singapore is ranked hundred-and-seventieth [ 4 ] in the universe and arguably one of the lowest TFR in the universe. Singapore authorities has implemented some policies to promote Singaporeans to hold more kids, and hence increase the TFR. The latest and most comprehensive policy to this terminal is the babe fillip strategy. However, the consequence of babe fillip is problematic. A group of research workers from Melbourne Institution of Applied Economics and Social Research investigated the consequence of babe fillip towards entire birthrate rate. Based on their theoretical account, Baby Bonus exerted a little positive consequence on birthrate purpose which leaded to a positive impact on birthrate rate. The consequence seemed to be stronger for 2nd and perchance higher-order numbered kids. In add-on the consequence showed that fillip consequence is lasting [ 5 ] . However this survey could non find that the consequence would be similar in local context, Singapore. Since there is no formal research particular on look intoing TFR and pamper fillip strategy, our research will concentrate chiefly on look intoing the impacts of babe fillip towards TFR and position of our future coevals with respects to this strategy. It will develop solutions in the signifier of suggestions that will function to better the effectivity of this policy. The expected consequence for our analysis is that babe fillip is less effectual in increasing Singapore ‘s TFR. Other factors such as the psychological-thinking and societal factors which may impact TFR will non be included in our survey. To do our research clearer and all-rounded, we introduce a subdivision under Singapore demographic form which describes about the worsening tendency of TFR from 1990 to 2000 and reappraisal of the factors impacting the TFR. The treatment of this paper will be separated into two chief parts, which is the method subdivision and consequence and treatment subdivision. The first portion will concentrate on explicating our study method and stuffs that we obtained from authorities records. Under the consequence subdivision, we will discourse our informations analysis utilizing, primary and secondary informations. The treatment focuses on effectivity of baby fillip policy in Singapore. Finally in the decision subdivision we will besides specify the background for future research to deduce better methods to cover with birthrate.1.1 Singapore Demographic PatternThe new way of policy since the 1990 ‘s is in stressing the importance of get downing a household and holding multiple kids to a successful and all-around life. New subsidy policies was implemented such as babe fillip strategy that was implemented in 2001. The effectivity of these new subsidy policies seemed less effectual. The TFR has continued to steadily worsen throughout the late ninetiess and early 2000s, despite these new policies. It has fallen by 0.43 from 1990 – 2000. This has rise concerns to the authorities as it might non be able to replace the current work force which leads to the alteration of subsidy policies in 2004. It still unclear that the new sweetenings implemented in 2004 will hold positive effects on TFR in future, the initial marks are non peculiarly positive.1.1A. Education derived function and alterations in political orientationEducation gives one a strong head of their ain in prosecuting their dreams that can include a stable and esteemed calling and buying epicurean goods. In other words, a twenty-four hours of 24 hours will be used to prosecute their dreams, go forthing m inimum clip for household planning and childbirth. Puting high value on work by both females and males are increasing the chance cost of holding kids. All these can explicate the falling tendency in TFR as noticed from above. 1.1B. Fiscal grounds childcare.JPG The mean net incomes of an employee are about S $ 4000 per month in 2010 [ 6 ] . Even as this figure has about doubled itself since a decennary ago, the lifting costs of life and holding babes are discouraging newly-weds from childbearing. If we were to take merely 2 most basic disbursals viz. child caring fees and hospitalization measures that are incurred during and instantly after gestating, we can cognize that fiscal load is an disposed account for the worsening TFR in Singapore. As shown, child care services are priced at S $ 776 and S $ 572 for mean full twenty-four hours and half twenty-four hours fees severally in 2010. From administrative informations, hospitalization fee for female parents after bringing in an mean ward of B2 fluctuates between S $ 1000 and S $ 1200 [ 7 ] . The entire charge for these 2 constituents of expected disbursals can amount to S $ 2000, which is already half of the wage of an mean worker in Singapore.A Such high degree of disbursement on one kid ca n so deter a important figure of newly-weds in holding kids, and our analysis is non even taking into history the changeless economy of financess for advanced acquisition and schooling in Singapore every bit good as day-to-day disbursals on nutrient and vesture for the kid. Clearly, childbearing is non an easy undertaking as it takes old ages of support from the point of gestating till the point of independency. Fiscal restraint can therefore be another ground and possibly one of the more of import grounds as to why there is falling TFR observed in Singapore.2. MethodThe mark of our study was NTU undergraduates aged from 19 to 26 and selected by convenience trying method. We restrict our sample on lone Singaporeans and Singaporean PRs because babe fillip strategy is more eligible to Singaporeans. The targeted size was 100 participants, 50 males and 50 females. The intent of carry oning the study is to happen out the position of our future coevals with respects to this strategy and t o happen the estimated entire birthrate rate in the hereafter. A pilot study was done preliminarily on the 50 respondents with our drafted sample study. We received feedback that our inquiries were insistent and ill-defined. Leading inquiries were besides heedlessly included. Some of the open-ended inquiries were left space, demoing that the inquiries discouraged participants to reply wholly. Consequences shown from this pilot study were inconsistent and hard to analyze accurately. To better on our research work, we conducted another study with freshly phrased inquiries which is simpler and more straightforward. At the start, we had inquiries aiming the figure of kids our respondents are be aftering to hold. The consequences here gave us a unsmooth thought of the TFR Singapore was to hold with its current subsidy policies in topographic point. Subsequently, we required respondents to rank the factors that are considered when they decide on the figure of kids they were to hold. The most highly-ranked factors can help Singapore in planing or revising constabularies for greater impact on Singapore ‘s TFR. Next, we had inquiries taking at proving the participants whether babe fillip had a say in their household planning. This was to find the comparative importance of babe fillip strategy. Relatively high importance placed by Singaporeans will let greater infinite for control over the population size. We besides suggested a superior system for Singapore ‘s authorities inducement strategy to happen out about the policy that authorities should concentrate on. Last, we welcomed suggestio ns from respondents to give them an avenue for showcasing their point of views sing the subsidy policies in inquiry.3. Result and DiscussionThe Baby Bonus Scheme is a two-tiered strategy, comprising of a direct hard currency gift from the authorities and a co-saving agreement in which the authorities lucifers dollar for dollar the sum parents put into a Child Development Account ( CDA ) , capable to a maximal sum. ( NEED CITATION )babe bonusTable 3.1 It is observed that holding a 2nd or 3rd kid can convey important pecuniary benefits for the parents from 2001. The Baby Bonus Scheme did assist to settle the concerns of twosomes who find the fiscal load of raising a kid excessively heavy to bear. Monetary wagess given out to parents can be used to subsidise the kid ‘s early old ages of instruction and medical demands. Figure 3.2 From figure above, we noticed that between 1997 and 1998, TFR dropped significantly by 0.15, compared to a twelvemonth before where the lessening was 0.06 from 1996-1997. A possible account is that Asiatic fiscal crisis had taken topographic point during the twelvemonth 1998 and this might back up the observation that fiscal factors are impacting the determination of twosomes to hold kids. The authorities may hold therefore decided to undertake the low TFR job from the fiscal facet by implementing of babe fillip in 2001. In this subdivision, the effectivity of baby fillip policy will be analysed from 2 pieces of informations, viz. primary and secondary informations.3A. Secondary informationsFigure 3.2 shows that after execution of the babe fillip policy, the TFR from 2001-2004 dropped by 0.15. In the span of 4 old ages ( 1997-2000 ) we observed that TFR had dropped by 0.20. Comparing these two Numberss, TFR still falls, but it is falling at a diminishing rate, this suggests that babe fillip is so effectual to a certain extent. There is a alteration of policy in 2004 because the declared end of returning birthrate to replacing has non been achieved. Under the new enhanced strategy ( refer to postpone 3.1 ) , the hard currency gift that parents receive from the authorities was increased for the first through 4th born kid, as was the cap of authorities part to the CDA. The first born kid nevertheless received no benefits under the co-saving strategy. Under the 2004 strategy hard currency gifts were disbursed Oklahoman, within the first 18 months, alternatively of the original 6 old ages when it was implemented in 2001. From 2004-2008, there was an overall addition of TFR by 0.02, there is a definite possibility that the alteration of babe fillip strategy was effectual. Further sweetening of the babe fillip was done in 2008. However looking at the TFR tendency, it shows a autumn of TFR by 0.06 from 2008-2009. Effectiveness of babe fillip is so problematic. However, in 2008, post-mortgage subprime crisis took topographic point in United States of America might hold affected the determination of people to give birth as there was rampant retrenchment. There is besides the issue of a possible important clip slowdown before the full consequence of the policy is revealed in alterations in birthrate rates of the population. In general, the execution of babe fillip is good in assisting to decelerate down the lessening in TFR but it was non able to change by reversal the tendency. Possibly pecuniary inducements entirely can non carry persons to alter their birthrate behavior.3B. Primary informationsThe consequences attained from our study was brooding of the younger coevals which would be more appropriate since the younger coevals would be more affected by the authorities policies and babe fillip strategy in clip to come. Entire Fertility Rate Figure 3.3 In figure 3.3 the highest figure of kids stated in our study is 5. This figure shows that 56 % our participants program to hold 2 kids, 20 % of them choose 3 kids. The per centum of people non be aftering to hold any kids is 10 % . This shows that the bulk of the respondents are willing to hold kids. TFR Gender Female Male Both female and male Average or average 1.76 2.3 2.03 Discrepancy 0.75755 0.98979 0.93848 Standard Error ( Deviation ) 0.87037 0.99488 0.96875 Table 3.4 To specify the entire birthrate rate more accurately, we will look into the different expected TFR for both genders. Our findings show that if male was the determination shaper, the TFR will be 2.3 and if it was female, the expected TFR is 1.76. We besides compute the discrepancy to see how much these values deviate from the mean. We noticed that the discrepancy was considered as broad, with 0.757551 for female and 0.98980 for male. We will use the interval appraisal method to acquire an accurate scope for the expected entire birthrate rate. We used 95 % assurance degree as our base. 95 % assurance interval means that 95 % in chance that the true value of this TFR is inside this estimated interval. We defined the interval as [ X-tn-1 ( I ± /2 ) * I?/a?sn, X+ tn-1 ( I ± /2 ) * I?/a?sn ] where N is the sample size, X represents the norm, I? is defined as standard mistake, and value of tn-1 ( I ± /2 ) is taken from the tabular array of t distribution. 1-I ± is set to be 0.95 ( assurance interval ) , therefore when n=50, t49 ( I ± /2 ) = 2.01 and when n=100, t99 ( I ± /2 ) = 1.984 for given I ± . The estimated interval of TFR when male was the determination shaper is 2.01720 a†°Ã‚ ¤ TFR a†°Ã‚ ¤ 2.58280 While the estimated interval of TFR when female was the determination shaper is 1.51259 a†°Ã‚ ¤ TFR a†°Ã‚ ¤ 2.00741 As the optimum TFR of the authorities is [ 8 ] , this can be seen that if female was the determination shaper, the TFR is below 2. However, in doing determination of holding kids, it is non up to one person merely but a joint determination by both male and female. Therefore, it will be more appropriate if we consider the norm TFR as our expected TFR in the hereafter. The expected TFR in the hereafter is between 1.83780 and 2.22220 utilizing the interval appraisal method. Ranking of factors Figure 3.5 The above information shows the figure of participants that gives the Rank â€Å" 1 † for the factor that they consider as the most of import. Consequences revealed that 58 out of 100 respondents chose fiscal factors, followed by calling with 19 out of 100 participants. This consequence supports our outlook that fiscal is the most influential factor with respects to be aftering for kids, therefore our research will be valuable in helping to better the entire birthrate rate. Baby bonus strategy Figure 3.6 Figure 3.7 Figure 3.6 shows that 90 % of the respondents know the babe fillip strategy and looking at figure 3.7, 50 % of their determination to hold kids is affected by the babe fillip strategy. This suggests that the people are cognizant of the babe fillip strategy. 50 % of the participant ‘s determination is affected by the babe fillip strategy. At first glimpse, this might propose that babe fillip is less effectual. Measuring it more carefully, without the strategy, the TFR that we calculated above has high likeliness that it is traveling to be lower. This is because half of the participants might make up one's mind to take down their figure of kids planned if babe fillip strategy has non been implemented. Hence, the effectivity of babe fillip could be subjective. Figure 4.8 I prefer non to hold any kids Childbearing and/or child-raising is are clip devouring I want to concentrate on my calling The subsidy is deficient Other personal grounds For the participants that find baby fillip is non impacting their determination, the bulk chose â€Å" vitamin D † as the ground for it. 24 out of 50 people chose the babe fillip subsidy is deficient. This shows that they are non satisfied with the current strategy. It is likely that if betterment were to be done to the babe fillip strategy, there is a high possibility that this strategy will be more important to increase the TFR. This is besides supported by the observation that babe fillip alteration in 2004 was effectual, as TFR increased by 0.02. Figure 3.9 The above information shows the figure of participants that gives the Rank â€Å" 1 ‘ for the authorities subsidy policy that they consider as the most of import. We can detect from the tabular array that there is important figure of participants that prioritise health care, instruction and lodging loan with 27 % , 26 % and 25 % giving it the value â€Å" 1 † . Merely, 9 % of the participants choose baby fillip policy as most of import, this shows that authorities should non concentrate their alteration of policies merely on babe fillip. The information suggested that there is an emerging tendency that people are more disquieted about their kid wellness attention, instruction and lodging affairs. Hence it is advisable that the authorities expression into this three subsidy policies in greater deepness to increase the entire birthrate of Singapore. Figure 3.10 Figure 3.11 If we separate our treatment into different genders, the impact of babe fillip strategy is greater on the males. Refered to calculate 3.10 and 3.11, 60 % of the males determination are affected by the strategy, while for the female merely 40 % is affected. Baby bonus strategy plays a larger function in act uponing the work forces ‘s determination. Uniting the findings, the expected TFR computed for female is lower than the optimum TFR. From the estimated interval calculated above, the TFR for female is below the optimum figure of 2, so this means we should aim the female group and seek to increase the figure of kids they would be after to hold to increase the TFR. As shown from the figure 3.5 above, the females considered fiscal factor as their precedence with 32 out of 50 female participants ranking it as figure 1. With this, focal point still should be given to fiscal factors, such as increasing subsidy or supplying pecuniary benefits to increase the willingness of adult females to hold more kids. However, 40 % of the female ‘s determination is affected by the babe fillip. We can deduce from this that, increasing the subsidy for babe fillip might be less effectual. As shown from the figure 3.9, greater focal point should be placed on other subsidy benefits such as health care subsidy, instruction and lodging loan.4. DecisionThis undertaking studied the impact of Singapore ‘s baby fillip policy on its entire birthrate rate. Based on our research findings, we conclude that this policy is non really effectual. From 2001 when it was foremost implemented to 2010, the TFR in Singapore has been worsening. However, credits have to be given to this policy as the worsening tendency is noted to be so at a diminishing rate. It is of import to observe that there are many other factors doing low TFR in Singapore. Some of it could be psychological thought, alterations in political orientation and instruction derived functions. One possible restriction of our undertaking could be found in our study sample. Due to the fact that the study is conducted within school compounds, we treated all Singaporean respondents as a homogeneous group of highly-educated forces. This is non representative for the whole of Singapore population. This determination is of considerable importance since it suggests that though the fiscal facet is so of import in one ‘s determination in household planning, baby fillip policy is less effectual in undertaking the job of falling TFR. We would urge future research to be conducted on a more heterogenous study sample so that Singaporeans of all backgrounds can be reached.

The Wrestler by Dudley Talcott

Originally created in 1929 by Connecticut-born sculptor Dudley Talcott, The Wrestler is a testament to the power of the modern age. Nearly a century after its creation, its imposing presence is potent enough to earn itself the position as the symbol for the Florida International University Wolfsonian Art Museum. At nearly seven feet tall, the aluminum sculpture is oddly comforting. Its blend of a few key human features and a featureless facade gives it a quality of quiet strength, softening its powerful bulk. It seems only fitting that such an ominous figure of peaceful might would be displayed at the Olympic games in Los Angeles three years after its creation. This piece of art is one of subtle meaning, leaving it open to a variety of apt interpretations. Dudley Vail Talcott was born in 1899 into an artistic and encouraging family. He was supported in his artistic endeavors instead of being pushed to adopt a more commercial career. Talcott studied briefly at Yale University but never earned a degree. He opted instead to travel, attending open classes at Academie de la Grande Chaumiere in Paris before traveling to Norway. Alcott spent his time in Norway exploring Norwegian fjords by canoe and working on a North Sea fishing boat. He later published two books documenting his experiences replete with his own drawings and photographs. By 1927, Talcott was exhibiting his work in New York and Chicago. He quickly gained repute as America’s premier sculpture, creating works in his own distinct style but still showing signs of more traditional approaches. By this point, Talcott was being commissioned for large-scale installations such as fountains while working on smaller pieces of a more personal nature. The Wrestler, one of his earlier works, already showed distinct signs of Talcott's style. The 1920s saw American artists being presented with competing mediums in which to express visual modernity. Modern applied arts of French influence were the modes of choice for architects and interior designers. Many sculptors chose to create works based on pre-classical Greek figures; this refers to the rendition of the human form in expressionless poses and facial features. Being born on the heels of the industrial revolution, Talcott was caught up with the rest of the country in the wave of awe and wonderment that came with experiencing such a radical change in the cultural and economic landscape. The advent of the automobile and the plane physically changed the American landscape. Jazz, considered to be one of the truly American art forms, was born shortly followed by the invention of the radio. Home refrigeration as well as penicillin, a cure-all antibiotic, was changing the way of life on the home front. Modernism, an artistic philosophy founded on the breaking of traditions and the abandonment of convention, was increasingly becoming less of a philosophy and more of a reality. Modernist art is characterized by sleek, minimalist design. It forgoes extravagance and ostentatious splendor for subtle elegance. A bloom in popularity of science fiction, introduced by films such as Metropolis, had introduced robots into popular culture and fueled an already rampant wonder of new technology. Talcott fused all these modernist ideas into The Wrestler. His faceless visage and geometric musculature are reminiscent of an automaton, yet the inclusion of ears, nipples, and male genitalia humanize what might have been an otherwise cold form. This humanization of his sculpture is evocative of nude Greek figures in the pre-classical eras. The use of aluminum as a medium allows Talcott to express a sense of futurism through material alone. Though it is the most abundant metal in the Earth’s crust, it did not become commercially available until the early nineteenth century. It was initially isolated in 1845 but until the early 1900s was only used for small applications, most notably jewelry. Once techniques were developed to produce aluminum in industrial quantities, it becomes something of a wonder material for engineers. Its durability, relatively low density, and resistance to corrosion made aluminum ideal for architectural and aviation applications. Its resistance to corrosion and ductility in particular made it apt for public sculptures and architectural ornaments. Frank Lloyd Wright, acclaimed architect and modernist, is credited by some sources as being the first to use aluminum as a decorative medium in architecture in his design of the walkway of the Polk County Science Building of the Florida Southern College. The esplanade features tapered aluminum columns that give the appearance of mechanical function. Each column is divided into three sections that give the illusion that they can retract and extend. This esplanade reflects modernist appreciation for the aesthetic appeal of the machine. Combined with its robotic form that is only vaguely human, The Wrestler is a tribute to the power of progress. Talcott entered The Wrestler in the Sculpture division in the arts portion of the 1932 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles. Arts competitions based on sports-themed works were a part of the Olympic games from 1912 to 1948. This portion of the Games was discontinued due to concerns about amateurism and professionalism. The competition had divisions for music, literature, painting, architecture, and sculpture. In context of the Olympic games, The Wrestler can take on meaning in addition to the modernist ideals it embodies. It can be argued that in removing some of the distinguishing features of the form, this statue transcends humanity. In spirit with the Olympics, it is free from some of the unavoidable evils of the human experience such as political, religious, and racial prejudice. The choice of athletic event depicted also adds another layer of meaning. Wrestling is classically a sport of control, as opposed to outright dominance. This sense of control refers to more than just control over one’s opponent; it also refers to control oneself. An effective wrestler is equal parts brute and master strategist. A match can be said to resemble a game of chess played with the limbs. Many eastern cultures and the predecessors of our own western culture, the Greeks, valued wrestling as a means of transcendence and self-discovery. The Greek philosopher Plato, a wrestler himself, saw the sport as a means to keep the balance between intellect and brawn while simultaneously experiencing a microcosm of human existence. American anthropologist Clifford James Geertz noted in his study of Indian culture that they view wrestling as â€Å"a story they tell themselves about themselves†¦. When in the competitive pit, a wrestler stands alone as the distilled essence of his way of life. He stands alone with his own background, his own unique history of success and failure, his own strength and skill, and his own style and technique. † Indians collectively believed being a wrestler was as much a description as a title. They revere not only the competitor as a champion but as one who has â€Å"lived up to the ideals of a rigorous life,† implying that wrestling goes beyond the barrier of recreation and ventures into creed. It can be said it is viewed as a religion without a formal doctrine, something existent in all cultures in some form or another. Dr. Jospeh S. Alter, sociocultural anthropologist and professor of medical anthropology at the University of Pittsburgh, stated in a similar study focusing on the symbolic meaning of the body in the practice of North Indian wrestling, â€Å"When in the competitive pit, a wrestler stands alone as the distilled essence of his way of life. He stands alone with his own background, his own unique history of success and failure, his own strength and skill, and his own style and technique. We find the paradoxical nature of life mirrored in wrestling: despite requiring the presence of an opponent and being a custom that spans across every culture, wrestling is a solitary practice. In light of this new meaning, The Wrestler can be seen as representing humankind’s control over its future through the balance of intellectual progress and unbridled force. Furthe rmore, The Wrestler is an icon of the solidarity of the modernist movement. Without centuries of precedence and influence to rely on, a subculture of artists devoted to testing preconceptions had charged themselves with creating things that until then had never been. One could argue that modernists influenced the establishment of existential philosophy for the very reason that they were the first to strip themselves of their preconceived notions and were completely free to create as they saw fit. The Wrestler can serve as an allegorical figure for the modernist movement as a whole. Modernists stand alone in the proverbial ring, alone with their opponent (convention and classical conformity) with nothing but their own skill, style, and technique. A similar ideal is embodied by the sculpture that took the silver that year. Wrestling, by Hungarian sculptor Miltiades Manno, depicts two wrestlers in the heat of combat. While The Wrestler is more of a stoic figure of progress and strength, Wrestling is extremely detailed. Each facial feature is carved into an expression of exertion and each muscle is anatomically accurate. This sculpture is an example of a neo-classical Greek figure. Historically, these figures are more expressive and much more anatomically correct due to a better understanding of the human body; the increasing realism of the sculptures coincide with medical advancements of the era. In contrast to Talcott’s piece, Manno’s statue is a more literal depiction of the sport it is based on. A portrayal that is more analogous in meaning to that of The Wrestler is the portrayal of Jacob’s wrestling match with God. In this rendering, the match is an allegory for the triumph of man (in this case) over a higher power. He is left permanently handicapped from the match implying that, though it is possible to prevail, there are severe consequences in wresting command from those above us; we are to allow ourselves to be controlled as opposed to taking control of our lives ourselves. The sentiment behind The Wrestler is that humankind is in control of itself. Though similar in the use of wrestling as a metaphor for control, the two depictions differ in their ultimate meaning. Another work of Talcott’s, his monument to renaissance astronomer Copernicus, is also closely related in significance to The Wrestler. The monument features a modernist representation of the heliocentric model, the sun symbolized by three interlocking discs and the Earth’s orbit symbolized by a sixteen-foot ring. At its time, Copernicus’ heliocentric model was innovative. It was a widely held belief that the Earth was the center of this solar system. It seems fitting that a modernist would be the one to commemorate Copernicus’ revolutionary concept. As with all things, ways of seeing The Wrestler have changed with time. Aluminum is no longer a new and futuristic material. Robots and advanced technology are now commonplace. Most people do not even leave their houses without a cell phone, a device that would have been more science fiction than nonfiction to people of the 1920s. Without the novelty of a new material and style, this statue is still a poignant testament to the enduring character of the human spirit. The Wrestler stands proud and resolute; his broad shoulders and intimidating musculature are symbolic of the force of willpower. It is this willpower that fueled the scientific and cultural progress that was so idolized by early nineteenth century modernists and subsequent artistic movement such as post-modernism. In regards to my personal reaction to this piece, to say that I was moved by this piece is a severe understatement. As a wrestler myself I have always found competition to be a exercise in both physical and mental faculties far surpassing the development of body and mind separately. In fact, I’m a firm believer that the most valuable gains from a life spent wrestling have nothing to do with athleticism. Once my body loses its ability to handle the demands of this sport, I will not miss it. When that day comes my mind will still retain its ability to strategize at the capacity I have trained it to do so. I will still have the iron will to turn my goals and aspirations into inevitabilities. I will still be able to grapple with the foes of peace and tranquility in my life and overcome them with ease. I will still be a wrestler. This is a sentiment shared by anyone that has ever defined him or herself through this sport. The fact that this piece uses wrestling to convey such a complex and layered message stirred up these emotions in me; I have been on a hiatus from actively competing due to several orthopedic injuries so these feelings have lay dormant until recently. Tascott’s use of wrestling to convey his point struck a chord in me, allowing me to relate to the concepts presented in his despite my birth being over sixty years after these ideas were relevant. I think it is his appeal to basic constituents of the human condition, though, that arrests the attention of what would be an otherwise oblivious passerby. I believe this is the reason it was selected to be the symbol of the Wolfsonian museum. It is intimidating yet approachable; it is simple yet alluring, cold yet inviting. To borrow a line form Winston Churchill, The Wrestler is â€Å"a riddle wrapped in a mystery inside an enigma. †

Essay on Piaget Theory of Cognitive Development - 1187 Words

Piaget theory of Cognitive Development For this paper I will be exploring Piagets theory of cognitive development. Swiss Psychologist Jean Piaget, theorized that children progress through four key stages of cognitive development that change their understanding of the world. By observing his own children, Piaget came up with four different stages of intellectual development that included: the sensorimotor stage, which starts from birth to age two; the preoperational stage, starts from age two to about age seven; the concrete operational stage, starts from age seven to eleven; and final stage, the formal operational stage, which begins in adolescence and continues into adulthood. In this paper I will only be focusing on the†¦show more content†¦On Piagets task for conservation of length, Piaget shows the subject two pencils equal in length and subject knows the pencils are the same length. But once one of the pencils is moved longer than the other one, the subject fails to rec ognize that they were the same. Piagets task for conservation for liquid, he shows the young child two identical glasses, then he pours the same amount of water both glasses. The subject knows that the two glasses of water are equal. But if water from one glass is poured into a longer thinner glass, the subject couldn’t comprehend this glass contains the same amount of water as the original two identical glasses. Piagets explains that childrens thinking is perception bound in preoperational stage, so they can’t focus their attention on two aspects of the new glass, they were attentive only to one aspect which is that one glass is taller than the other two; failing to realize the taller glass had the same amount of liquid. For the purpose of this paper, I will replicate the conservation tasks experiment to test Piaget’s theories. My test subject is a five year old girl named Truphena, she -according to Piaget-is categorized to be in the pre-operational stage of intellectual development. Therefore she wouldn’t be expected to succeed at the conservation tasks that will be presented to her. I also have another subject named Franklin who is nine year old, heShow MoreRelatedJean Piaget : Theory Of Cognitive Development Essay1377 Words   |  6 Pages Jean Piaget: Theory of Cognitive Development Jean Piaget, was a trained biologist who was employed at the Binet Institute, where his main job was to develop a French version of an intelligence test. Piaget was very interested in the reason why children would give wrong answers to questions which called for some type of logical thinking. It was believed by Piaget that these wrong answers showed some very drastic differences between the way children and adults both thought ( McLeod, 2015), thisRead MoreCognitive Theory And Jean Piaget Cognitive Development Theory Essay2016 Words   |  9 Pageslearning expansion in general and play a vital fragment of early childhood development. They all accept that cognitive learning is relatively systematic and takes place gradually at a variety of rates. Learning only occurs when experience causes a permanent change in an individual’s knowledge or behaviour (Weatherby-Fell, N. 2013). I am reviewing Burrus Federic Skinner’s behavioural theory and Jean Piaget cognitive developme nt theory. This report style essay will provide an overview of the two theoristsRead MorePiaget s Theory Of Cognitive Development1289 Words   |  6 Pagesare many great cognitive theorists, but the one that comes to mind is a development psychologist by the name of Jean Piaget. One of his prized declaration was in 1934, where he declared that education is capable of saving our society from collapsing whether its violent or gradual. Piaget had a key effect on education and psychology, and because of that effect he made many contributions to learning and to cognition. One of most important contribution was a model that was made by Piaget. This modelRead MorePiaget s Cognitive Theory And Cognitive Development1494 Words   |  6 Pages 1) Examine how Piaget’s cognitive theory can help to explain the child’s behavior. Piaget confirms â€Å"Each cognitive stage represents a fundamentally new psychological reorganization resulting from maturation of new functions and abilities† (as in Greene, 2009, p.144). The case Vignette describes Victors’ stages of development through Piaget’s stages of cognitive development as exhibited behavior that occurred during the sensorimotor, preoperational, as established areas. Victor experienced a normalRead MorePiaget s Cognitive Development Theory1077 Words   |  5 PagesAccording to Piaget (1957), cognitive development was a continuous restructuring of mental processes due to varied situations and experiencing the world and maturing biologically. His view of cognitive development would have us look inside a child’s head and glimpse the inborn process of change that thinking goes through. â€Å"He was mainly interested in the biological influences on â€Å"how we come to know’† (Huitt and Hummel, 2003). Piaget’s views helps us to have appropriate expectations about children’sRead MorePiaget s Theory Of Cognitive Development850 Words   |  4 Pages 2014) define cognitive development as an individual’s ability to translate objects and events into a symbolic form that can be stored in the brain. Cognition can be measured with perceptual and conceptual skills. Perceptual skills are the connection between the senses and experiences. Conceptual skills are higher level processing, such as, making decisions and problem solving (Hooper and Umansky, 2014). Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development and Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory are influentialRead MorePiaget s Theory Of Cognitive Development830 Words   |  4 PagesPiaget and Classroom Assessment Introduction The Cognitive Learning Theory came into the forefront of educational psychology predominately in the 1950s. At the end of the era of behaviorism, many theorists questioned whether or not behaviorism fully explained learning. Sure, there was an understanding of observable behaviors, but what about what was going on in the mind? Theorists such as Tolman, Piaget, Vygotsky and Bruner all helped to pioneer a movement away from behaviorism to a cognitive approachRead MoreExamples Of Piaget Theory Of Cognitive Development782 Words   |  4 PagesKalie Watkins Professor Korey Davis September 30, 2017 Piaget Theory of Cognitive Development Jean Piaget sought to understand and explain to others how the brain changes from birth until the mid-teens. There are so many huge developments during those years and Piaget got them down to four stages. The four stages in Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development are the sensorimotor stage, preoperational stage, concrete operational stage, and formal operational stage. These stages cover things such asRead MorePiaget s Theory Of Cognitive Development1813 Words   |  8 Pages ECH-130 Sociocultural Tables LLlllll Cognitive Development Definition Examples of Application of Concept Strategies to Support and/or Assess Learning Birth to Age 5/Pre-K Piaget Sensorimotor stage: :the first stage Piaget uses to define cognitive development. During this period, infants are busy discovering relationships between their bodies and the environment. Researchers have discovered that infants have relatively well developed sensory abilities An infant who recently learned how to rollRead MorePiaget s Theory On Cognitive Development1449 Words   |  6 Pagesstrengths and weaknesses of Piaget’s theory on cognitive development. It will focus on Piaget’s work highlighting positive attributes and how they’re being applied in modern day and also delve on key limitations of the theory. Piaget was a Swiss psychologist who was interested on why children would give similar but wrong answers in an intelligence test (Vidal, 1994). Based on his observations, he concluded that children undergo sequential cognitive development patterns which occur in defined stages